The Success Of Alexander The Great - 1374 Words

Alexander the Great is one of the most successful military commanders of all time. Some may attribute Alexander’s success to his inheritance of the great Macedonian kingdom and military from his father, Philip II. Although there is no doubt that this timely inheritance was a key factor in his success, it was his military skills and generalship that gave him the ability to effectively utilize the groundwork laid by his father. In order to fully understand the success of Alexander, we must first look back to the influence and success of his father, Philip II. Greece had been unified under the League of Corinth, so when Alexander assumed the throne, he did not need to worry about any fighting to the south. Philip took the small and insignificant country of Macedon and turned it into one of the greatest military powers in the ancient world. When Philip was assassinated, Alexander inherited an extremely skilled and modernized army he could use to make his father’s dream of defeating the Persians come true (Martin, Ancient Greece p.221). Philip’s reforms to the Macedonian army include reorganizing the structure and the use of troops and improving weaponry and tactics (Potter, Lecture 13 March 2015). The Macedonian phalanx was a great improvement over the hoplite phalanx used in Greek warfare because of two reasons. Well-trained soldiers, known as phalangite, wore lighter armor that enabled them to move quicker and utilize their new, longer spears known as sarissa, whichShow MoreRelatedAlexander The Greats Influence On The World1431 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Great Occasionally history shows that the world does not have many people that could be entered in the history. And Alexander the Great was one of these people. During his childhood Alexander had great teachers who taught him how to use and how to choose great politics, diplomacy and, how to win the war if that day would come. For many years Alexander the Great studied how to control everything and how to be ready to do anything that might be needed. At the age of sixteen he had toRead MoreWhat was so Great About Alexander the Great?810 Words   |  3 Pages Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III of Macedon, was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in 356 BC and was handed down his reign when his father, Phillip II was murdered in 336 BC by his bodyguard. His father was out most of the time trying to extend his kingdom therefore Alexander was left with his mother, Olympias, who was very emotionally close to her son and had a tendency to spoil him. Alexander was hand ed down a trained, strong and powerful army with excellent generalsRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the Great, son of King Philip II of Macedonia, underwent a journey of overwhelming odds. Alexander led his army through multiple victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of a single defeat. A noteworthy battle of Alexander was the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 B.C.E. The Battle of Gaugamela is significant because it ended Darius’s rule over Persia. [new par.] There are several forces and factors that contribute in making Alexander the GreatRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesman named Alexander III of Macedon or more commonly known as, Alexander the Great. His father, King Phillip II, took the throne of Macedonia in 359 B.C.E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. Alexander III of Macedon was born in 356 B.C.E in Pella; the ancient capital of Macedonia, Alexander grew up in the shadow of his father’s success in transforming Macedonia into a great militaryRead MoreAlexander the Great Conquest848 Words   |  4 Pages Alexander the Greats Distribution of Culture Someone who has abilities above the normal or average person is considered great. In this case, were talking about Alexander the infamous Greek invader. Alexander the Great was a man of conquest and curiosity. By the age of twenty he had already conquered many of his local Grecian city states and had established himself as a leader. His desire to conquer and explore grew as he aged. As he travelled he took along with him the morals and customs ofRead MoreAlexander II And Alexander The Great1642 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone who is good at planning tactics; Philip II and Alexander the Great would not fall under this name because they were not good at planning tactics, they were disputed to be the best at planning them. Alexander III the Great was born in 356 BC in the capital of Macedonia; Pella. Growing up Alexander watched his father turn Macedonia into a great military power . Philip II was the first to create an unstoppable Macedonian army and his son Alexander would further exp and the efficiency and power ofRead MoreCaesar, Hannibal, and Alexander the Great Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesIt was the leadership of Caesar, Alexander, and Hannibal that heavily influenced the Roman society, the ancient world, and the western civilization. Ambition drove Alexander the Great to conquer the unconquered, propelled Caesar to the top of the political spectrum with no birthright, and helped Hannibal defeat a dominent society in the ancient world. It was Julius Caesars successful military tactics, his drive to the top of the political society, and his succession without the right, privilegeRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Empire929 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Late 4th century, BC Alexander the great was a very popular and was a great king to everyone. He was one of the best kings ancient Greece had. His mindset and goal after his dad died was to take over the Persian empire because this is what his dad wanted to do, he moray thought that this is what he should do to make his dad proud. This all started at the age of 20. Alongside Alexander the Great. The Roman empire took a lot longer to conquer due to its size. The Persian empire was taken overRead MoreMacedonian Culture And Greek Culture1442 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar to the Greek culture. Certainly, both of those cultures are not identical; they do have differences, yet by looking at the women’s independent role and freedom among the society and the military success of those cultures, it is clear that both of them resemble. For instance, Alexander the Great thought that he was a descendant of a Greek God and always wanted to show how Greek he was. This might be the reason why the Macedonian culture is very similar to the Greek culture. In both culturesRead MoreThe Victory Of The Battle Of Issus, And The Conquering Of Tyre922 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the accuracy of the film takes a turn when transitioning from Alexander taking over gaining more power and taking over the thrown and the battle of Gaugamela. Covering Alexander’s accomplishments concerning the defeat of the rebellion of Thebes, the battle of Issus, and the conquering of Tyre would have drastically increased the running time of the film, but these events are important to understanding Alexander’s overall triumph. Before his father, Philip, died a Greek city called Thebes

What Every Body Is Saying About College Paper Writers Is Wrong and Why

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Experimental & Numerical Study Of Lift with Airfoil Diagram

Question: Describe about the Experimental and Numerical Study of Lift and Drag of an Airfoil. Answer: Introduction A number of research efforts have been inclined towards the airfoil drag and lift coefficients using a cross flow fan at varying boundary parameters by numerical and experiment means. Several experiments and numerical studies carried out reveal that many factors influence the value obtained for the drag and lift coefficients. As discussed in the paper, airfoil creates a great lift at lowest frontward velocities and reflects a great potential for both the scenarios of vertical landing and takeoff and that of quick landing and takeoff. Besides, the experimental results obtained reveal that the pitching moment and lift coefficients of the airfoil profile rise and the momentous drag coefficient declines as the rotational velocity of the airfoil fan declines. This means that in aeromechanics, the pitching moment constant improvement depicts that the aircraft gathers a relatively improved stability at comparatively superior rotational velocities. Significance of the Problem It is important to understand the parameters that govern the landing and takeoff of an aircraft in the modern aircraft mechanics and design. The study on drag and lift is crucial in aerodynamics today since it helps in understanding the pressure distribution on the airfoil profile. The information helps in the design of the airfoil fan and the determination of the appropriate pitching moment and the desired airfoil velocity. Literature Review Several researchers have undertaken to examine on the experimental and numerical study of drag and lift of an airfoil critically. Different researchers come up with different findings on the topic. To start with, Ã… ¾ahin and Acir (2015) of the Department of Energy Systems Engineering conducted an experiment at the Faculty of Technology, in the University of Gazi aimed at investigating the NACA 0015 transient dynamics, and carried out their measurements in an open wind tunnel. The parameters of the experiment were such that the wind velocity interval ranged between 3.1 and 28 m/s with an estimated cross-section of 30 cm by 30 cm m and a tunnel test of approximately 400 cm long. The diagram below shows the drag and lift of airfoil. As demonstrated in the figure, there are 4 major forces that act on the aircraft while in the air. In the case of a powered aircraft, there is a thrust force acting on the aircraft. The other forces operating on the aircraft include the weight of the aircraft, lift, and drag. However, the most important forces for analysis are drag and lift. The aircraft wing is the main contributor to the resultant drag and lift owing to the streamline shape of the airfoil. The streamline shape of the airfoil assists in providing great lift values at minimum drag for specified flight conditions. In addition, the wings of the conventional aircraft employ moving surfaces such as slats and flaps in most cases to adapt to the varying prevailing conditions. The other specifications of the NACA 0015 were 100 mm for both the spanwise length and the chord length. With a wind velocity of 10 meter per second and an attack angle in the range of 0 and 20 degrees, the experimental results showed that for an attack angle of 16 degrees, the highest drag and lift coefficients were 0.15 and 0.75 respectively. The optimum Cl/Cd ratio was registered at 8 degrees. The methods employed in estimating the non-dimensional coefficients were Drag coefficient . (1) (Askari Shojaeefard, 2012) Lift coefficient (2) (Dedeic, 2014) Where L is the lift, D is the drag, Cl is the lift coefficient, Cd is the drag coefficient, c is the chord length of the airfoil, V is the wind velocity, is the air density. The graphs below shows a comparison of the results obtained from this experiment with the numerical values. Figure 3Cl/Cd ratio for different attack angles Some important terms and concepts help in the determination of the lift and drag of the airfoil. In a more general sense, an airfoil has both a trailing edge and a leading edge that is basically designed with variant bottom and top surface curvatures to accelerate the flow that results from the induced pressure gradient generating a lift. The chord of the airfoil is the line that connects the trailing edge and the leading edge. In addition, a camber is the greatest distance covered between the chord and the surface of the airfoil as outlined in its profile. The airfoils chord length is the maximum length of the airfoil. Moreover, the attack angle of the airfoil is essentially the angle that is subtended between the relative fluid flow direction and the chord in a horizontal. Moreau, Jolibois, and Benard (2009) undertook a similar research using NACA 0015 airfoil model that was used by Ã… ¾ahin and Acir (2015) by mounting a Dielectric Barrier Discharge. In their experiment, they investigated the impact of both unsteady and steady drag and lift coefficient actuations using force measurements that were time-averaged. They found out that it is possible to delay the stall regime by 1 or 2 degrees while at the same time decreasing the drag coefficient. In order to investigate the stall flutter at minimum Reynolds numbers, Bhat and Govardhan (2013) conducted an experiment using a NACA 0012 airfoil model. The diagram below shows the wind blades of the wind turbine and the lift and drag. The flow fields and forces were measured by oscillating the airfoil at reduced Reynolds numbers of approximately 104. The airfoil underwent pitch oscillations with small amplitudes, , with great m known as angle of attack at varying frequencies, f. Energy transfer from the flow to the airfoil were computed by directly measuring the varying loads on the airfoil during oscillation. The researchers established that at low chord length (low Reynolds number), there was stall flutter and airfoil excitation. Wang, Ingham, Ma, Pourkashanian, and Tao (2010) also conducted a similar experiment using NACA 0012 model of airfoil by investigating the dynamic stall scenario in a 2D computational perspective at reduced Reynolds number of approximately 105. The researchers employed Computational Fluid Dynamics for the simulation with varying amplitudes, mean angles of oscillation, and frequencies in a two-set oscillating system. Dimchev (2012) conducted another study on the propellers mounted with wingtip with a UAV design and low aspect ratio. The study was conducted under a wind velocity ranging from 15 and 35 m/s and a 20 degrees proper blade angle. The results indicated that for a 10 degrees angle of attack, the there was an increase in the lift coefficient Cl from 0.34 to 0.46. On the contrary, there was a decrease of the drag coefficient Cd from -0.013 to -0.14. The figure below shows the flow profile of the drag and lift. Krogstad and Lund (2011) carried out a numerical and experimental analysis of a model turbine performance using a diameter of 90 cm for the model. The researchers used a S826 airfoil profile and used a Blade Element Theory to lay down the geometry. They then experimentally tested their design model and estimated the tip ratio at 6 and a peak power coefficient Cp at 0.448. A turbulence model known as - was used to undertake numerical calculations by applying a Computational Fluid Dynamics 3D simulation model. Evaluation and analysis of the findings From the literature analysis, it can be seen that the numerical and experimental results of the drug and lift of an airfoil vary depending on so many parameters. For instance, the experiments conducted under open tunnel as in the case of NACA 0015 reflect different values of the lift and drug constants. In addition, the area of cross section of the wind tunnel plays an imperative role in the value of the lift and drug coefficient obtained in an experimental setup. The other parameters that determine the value of the lift and drug coefficient include the velocity of the wind. Better results were obtained within the range of 20 and 30 m/s as the optimum wind speed. Moreover, the values obtained from the experiments indicate that an ideal attack angle averages at 16 degrees. The best experimental results obtained for the drag and lift coefficients vary between 0.15 and 0.75 respectively. In addition, the optimal Cl/Cd ratio that was recorded from the experiments is 8 degrees. The studies conducted by Tang, Zhang, Peng, and Liu (2012) suggest that airfoil develops a high lift at minimum forward velocities and demonstrates an exceptional potential for both the scenarios of upward takeoff and landing and that of fast takeoff and landing. As seen in most of the experiments, the pitching moment and lift constants of the airfoil rise and the resultant drag coefficient declines as the airfoil fan revolutionary velocity decreases. In aerodynamics, the pitching moment constant improvement shows that the aircraft achieves greater stability at elevated rotational velocities. Lombardi, Salvetti, and Pinelli, (2000) further highlight that experiments demonstrate that the streamline coefficients decline as the Reynolds number declines free stream. Besides, the flow area over the airfoil can best be been examined using the computational fluid dynamics approach and then comparing the results with the investigational results obtained. In most cases, the numerical results are in congruence with the values obtained in the experiments. Yu (2012) further establish that the rotational velocity of the airfoil does not affect the coefficient of skin resistance on the bottom wall of the airfoil. However, the upper surface of the foil, particularly the interior of the casing is greatly affected by the fan velocity. This also shows a rise in the Reynolds number on the two surfaces of the airfoil. Manolesos and Voutsinas (2016) cite that a close examination of the numerical method demonstrates that the difference between the inert pressure of the two airfoil surfaces lead to an increase in the rotational velocity. This leads to greater lift coefficients at a higher fan velocity, and a corresponding increase in the Reynolds number that corresponds to the improvement of the aeromechanic forces. Owing to the sharp edge of the airfoil, there occurs a dramatic abrupt jump in the pressure circulation on the upper region of the airfoil profile. When the sharp rim of the profile is replaced with a round and smooth profile, the pre ssure jump declines greatly and the resultant pressure distribution on the improved surface smoothens with a diminished extreme value (Norwazan, Khalid, Zulkiffli, Nadia, Fuad, 2012). The streamlines observed on the upper surface of the airfoil occurs at close proximity than the ones observed at the bottom of the airfoil. This indicates a greater pressure on the airfoils lower wall. The streamlines develops closeness on the upper area of the airfoil with an increase in the fan velocity. Additionally, the airfoil surface velocity gradient increases with increasing Reynolds number due to an elevated skin friction coefficient. Gao, Cai, Li, Jiang, and Lee (2016) and Ouchene, Khalij, Tanire, and Arcen (2015) cite that the incongruity that occurs between the experimental and numerical values are due to uncertainty in the experimental measurements and the convergence exactitude that occurs in the numerical approach. Furthermore, there is the reality of the 3D dimensional profile of the f low that is different from the theoretical 2D solution in the computational fluid dynamics (Haryanto, Utomo, Sinaga, Rosalia, Putra, 2014). Conclusion From the experiments and numerical analyses carried out, several factors determine the value of the lift and drag coefficients obtained. As observed in the paper, airfoil develops a great lift at minimum frontward velocities and evidences an outstanding potential for both the backdrops of vertical landing and takeoff and that of fast landing and takeoff. Also, as observed in the experimental results, the pitching moment and lift constants of the airfoil elevates and the consequential drag coefficient downslopes as the revolutionary velocity of the airfoil fan diminishes. In aeromechanics, the pitching moment constant improvement reflects that the aircraft attains a relatively better stability at superior rotational velocities. Additionally, experiments reflect that the streamline coefficients decay as the Reynolds number reduces for the free stream. Moreover, the field of flow above the airfoil can most excellently be observed using the computational fluid dynamics method and then dr awing parallels of the results with the experimental values realized. In most scenarios, the numerical data corresponds with the values achieved by undertaking the experiments. Reference List Askari, S. Shojaeefard, M., 2012. Experimental and numerical study of an airfoil in combination with a cross flow fan.Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal Of Aerospace Engineering,227(7), 1173-1187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410012452213 Bhat, S. Govardhan, R., 2013.Stall flutter of NACA 0012 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers.Dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2 September 2016, from https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.04.001 Dedeic, A., 2014.Experimental and numerical study on harmonically pitching airfoils with morphing trailing edge flaps(Masters). Technical University of Denmark. Dimchev, M., 2012.Experimental and numerical study on wingtip mounted propellers for low aspect ratio UAV design(Masters). Delft University of Technology. Gao, Z., Cai, J., Li, J., Jiang, C., Lee, C., 2016. Numerical Study on Mechanism of Drag Reduction by Microblowing Technique on Supercritical Airfoil.J. Aerosp. Eng., 04016084. https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000685 Haryanto, I., Utomo, T., Sinaga, N., Rosalia, C., Putra, A., 2014. Optimization of Maximum Lift to Drag Ratio on Airfoil Design Based on Artificial Neural Network Utilizing Genetic Algorithm.AMM,493, 123-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.123 Krogstad, P. Lund, J., 2011. An experimental and numerical study of the performance of a model turbine.Wind Energ.,15(3), 443-457. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.482 Lombardi, G., Salvetti, M., Pinelli, D., 2000. Numerical Evaluation of Airfoil Friction Drag.Journal Of Aircraft,37(2), 354-356. https://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.2605 Manolesos, M. Voutsinas, S., 2016. Experimental Study of Drag-Reduction Devices on a Flatback Airfoil.AIAA Journal, 1-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j054901 Moreau, E., Jolibois, J., Benard, N., 2009.Lift and drag performances of an axisymmetric airfoil controlled by plasma actuator.Dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2 September 2016, from https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2009.01.008 Norwazan, A., Khalid, A., Zulkiffli, A., Nadia, O., Fuad, M., 2012. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Lift and Drag Force of Sedan Car Spoiler.AMM,165, 43-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.43 Ouchene, R., Khalij, M., Tanire, A., Arcen, B., 2015. Drag, lift and torque coefficients for ellipsoidal particles: From low to moderate particle Reynolds numbers.Computers Fluids,113, 53-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2014.12.005 Ã… ¾ahin, . Acir, A., 2015. Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Lift and Drag Performances of NACA 0015 Wind Turbine Airfoil.International Journal Of Materials, Mechanics And Manufacturing,3(1), 22-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.159 Tang, X., Zhang, X., Peng, R., Liu, X., 2012. Wind Tunnel Experimental Study of Wind Turbine Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics.AMM,260-261, 125-129. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.125 Wang, S., Ingham, D., Ma, L., Pourkashanian, M., Tao, Z., 2010.Numerical investigations on dynamic stall of low Reynolds number flow around oscillating airfoils.Dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2 September 2016, from https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.05.004 Yu, M., 2012.Numerical and experimental investigations on unsteady aerodynamics of flapping wing (Ph.D). Iowa State University.

Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs Essay Example

Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs Essay These are the questions that one individual should ask himself if he/she does an research on these organic solar cells. The reason behind their entry is the scarcity of existing crystalline solar cell manufacturing base material, day by day hiking cost. As we all know that the polymers and simple molecules are abundant on earths surface and are cheaper in cost, and having desirable physical properties like light weight, flexibility etc. These are initial parameters those pushed the researchers to step in and take the motive of introducing organic solar cells into semiconductor device industry. Initially silicon based solar cells were in many, but because of cost factor and their respective material properties they were moderately replaced by organic photo voltaic cells. As they are cheap, lightweight and are easy to fabricate they are in lead to crystalline organic photo voltaic cells. Devices made of these are supposed to have a theoretical efficiency of 10%. But, today, the efficiency we have for a small molecule organic photo voltaic cell is in the range of (0. 3-1. 3)%. Hence, efforts for higher efficiencies are under research for many years, and these researchers have even a point to notice that the designing and synthesis of donor acceptor materials is vital for an efficient organic photo voltaic cell. Challenges so far we have are because of their low efficiency, low strength, low stability, and sensitiveness to environment. Factors like band gap, charge carrier density, absorption coefficient for incident solar spectrum in visible and near IR range are important to improve the efficiencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this report we mainly focus on the organic solar cells based on small molecules. Having said that, we should know, why small molecules? The reason behind that is these small molecules has mostly hydrocarbons with carbon atoms alternatively linked to neighbor carbon atoms with alternate single-double bonding resulting into conjugated systems. In these systems the electrons in the p-z orbitals idealizes to form a idealized bond with orbital and anti-bonding with orbital. Where the orbital is considered as highest occupying molecular orbital (HOMO) and is least occupying molecular orbital(LOOM). Hence the gap between these two is considered to be the band-gap. Hence in small molecules the band-gap angels from 1-4 eve, which is moderately favorable for making a photo voltaic cell. When these systems absorb a photon, exited state is created in which e?ho pair is formed and is found to be bounded by electrostatic interaction. Hence, these conjugated systems are very vital to be maintained inside each small molecule. Slightly introducing the type of materials required. We first of all concerned about the properties like band-gap, high temperature resistant, thickness, charge carrier density, ease of fabrication, and stability. For a material, to be a desired one, it should have moderate band-gap I. . In the semiconductor range with high charge carrier density, high strength and resistance at high temperatures, long life of functioning, moderate if possible low thickness, high absorption cross-section to incident solar spectrum and ease to process and fabricate. As a part of our discussion in this term paper we will see what type of materials are necessary and how they function under applied light and generated electric field. For a small molecule based organic photo voltaic cell we generally choose indium oxide as electrode-I and metals with low work functions electrode-2. Generally we use Aluminum, Magnesium or Calcium. The difference between work functions between two electrodes develops electric field in organic layer. When light is incident on these elements sextons are produced as electrons are exited to LOOM leaving behind holes in HOMO. Potential difference due to difference in work functions separates the electron-hole pair inside the organic layer and pulls them as electrons to positive electrode and holes to the negative electrode. Here, the positive electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of circuit. Most importantly, for high efficiencies we should have high charge carrier density inside organic layer and controlling the loss of energy as heat from the organic layer surface. Hence we adopt some efficiency improvement methods based on the properties and functioning nature of the materials. Below are some of the methods we have reviewed to improve the efficiencies of organic photo voltaic cell based on small molecules. They are as follows: Methods to improve the efficiencies of organic solar cells based on small molecules: For a PVC (Organic Photo Voltaic Cell) based on copper pathetically-CO introducing beatification between buckminsterfullerene and aluminum cathodes gives the improvement of efficiency up to ;4%. Improving stability and lifetime of layered structure. Minimized charge recombination loss in Poops. Minimizing water and oxygen induced degradation of small molecules in Poops. Improving the efficiency of solution processed small molecule Poops using thermal annealing. By combining two vacuum processed heterogeneous to optimize the absorption power of PVC and controlling the construction parameters thereby making them efficient. Using a unstructured sandwich processing. Controlling parameters like band gap and dissipation of energy in the form of heat. By making molecules face to face by maintaining optimum donor acceptor relative positions. By energy harvesting and improved storage methods. Solution processing of small molecules to improve efficiency by 6. %. We will now further proceed into each method of improving efficiency in-detail. As we have noticed from above methods, we have adopted, most of them are having their vital role during processing of an PVC rather than it is being a product. Hence, in an semiconductor industry the manufacturing processes of elements is given prior rarity. For a PVC (Organic Photo Voltaic Cell) based on copper pathetical ly-CO gives the improvement of efficiency up to ;4% Most efforts are being made from past few decades to improve the efficiency of Poops. One among them is by inserting beatification(BCC) between fulfiller and aluminum cathode, organic thin film POP cells based on Chauncey-CO is observed to have an increased efficiency up to greater than 4%. Reason behind the insertion of this BCC layer is to minimize the exited loss during incident light and electric field. As the BCC inserted, obviously lays a very important roles in these cells by blocking the exited transport and hence named as Exited Blocking Layer. Once the exited transport is blocked, increases the charge carrier density inside the organic layer and minimizes the losses related to them and finally increasing the efficiency grater than 4%. Before the insertion of this BCC layer, the efficiency is around 1-1. 5%. Hence it is considered to be a good move in increasing the efficiency. But, a new problem has arises because of BCC insertion. The Poops lifetime was decreased; now the lifetime is about only few hours. This ay be probably due to the instability of inserted BCC layer, as it is easily crystallized in moist environment. BCC was already used for improving the electroluminescent efficiency in organic Leeds. However their lifetime is also found short because of instability of BCC layer. Hence for improving the stability we dope the BCC with PITCH (3,4,9,10-perpendicularitys-licks-biomedical) Improving stability and lifetime of layered structure. In this section a small molecule PVC with the structure of TIT I Donor electoral I buffer layer I III is studied as a case where we can improve efficiency to some extent. In this experiment the usage of Alas s a buffer layer instead of BCC is seen. Reason for using Alas instead of BCC is to use the effective blockage of waters lozenge to permeate through the acceptor layer. Another role of this new buffer layer is to block the diffusing cathode atoms into active layer during deposition and hence improve the efficiency. Describing the experiment, which is carried at room temperature without encapsulation, starting from deposition to the results in improved efficiency. Three types of buffer layers were used to study the I-V characteristics of the device in both light and dark. The layered structure of the PVC is shown below. As we can see the buffer layer is separating the cathode from CO. The three layers are For device. A with BCC as buffer layer, for device. B with 50% BCC+50% Alas, for device. C with pure Alas as buffer layer. In this experiment the power conversion efficiencies for all the three are measured under the illumination Oriel Solar Simulator producing an AM 1. 56 spectrum. The I-V characteristics are recorded by Keith 2400. The calibrated I-V characteristic is shown below. The experimental results from I-V characteristics ( Voce, Sis, IF) are tabulated below. Device Buffer Layer used Voce (V) Sis (ma/CM) Filling Factor(IF) Efficiency(%) A OHIOÂ ¼BCC. 42 5. 09 0. 49 1. 39 B 0. 49 5. 8 0. 464 1. 75 C 100% AlAlas. 506 6. 03 0. 52 2. 11 The irradiation intensity used is 75mawmCMf A. M 1. 5 simulated solar spectrum. Above values are same for the three devices under investigation. From the tabulated values it is clear that AlAlass most effective than BCBCCnd further experimental results have shown that the lifetime is increased up to 150 time the initial one. Hence by inserting an buffer layer which acts as blocking layer without affecting the life time of evvices also one of the good options of improving the efficiencies. Minimized charge recombination loss in OPPoopsIn this section we discuss about minimizing the recombination losses of CuCupTPatchhotovoltaic cell by employing spin forbidden transition to reduce the recombination loss in OPPoopsWithout the mixing processes like spin-orbit coupling, spin-lattice interaction and hyperfine coupling he spin conversion process between singlet and triplet is not possible. The molecular ground state have a singlet spin symmetry and hence the triplet CT states are forbidden to come and relax into the ground state. We an use this method to reduce the loss of recombination. The open circuit voltage and the fill factor can be improved by minimizing the recombination loss. Once VoVocend Fill factor are improved keeping IsSisonstant the efficiency improvement will take place. Minimizing water and oxygen induced degradation of small molecules in oppoopsThis section aims at complete knowledge of degradation of molecules because of water and oxygen during operation in small molecule based OPPoops Once material degradation takes place, its consequences affect the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of materials, and hence the efficiency of device. The most significant degradation mechanisms for organic solar cells is diffusion of molecular oxygen and water into the device. The organic solar cell we discuss in this section is of the composition ITTITnd A1AYre the two electrodes where ITTITehaves like anode and A1AYs like cathode. In this experiment we have three sets of samples with same coconfigurationThree types of environments are used in dark and light modes. Environments used are nitrogen, oxygen and water. The lifetime or end of lifetime of a solar cell is quoted as T88THr TSTTShich is the time taken by the device to reach 80% or 50% of its ininitialrreferenceWe use these values to record the lifetime of the above species in different environmental conditions. The results are tabulated below: Device name Intensity (W/m2mmTemperature (occoReReelHumidity(%) Atmosphere (1 atATMLife time( T88TH55THN2NOight 330 49 0 N2NO) 405/2700 N2NOark 0 26 0 N2NOlove box) 1802 Light 330 49 0-17AAA3/74 1802 Dark 0 48 0-17AAA H2H2O80 Light 330 39 65 H2H2O80:N2NO. /11 H2H2O80 Dark 048 65 H2H2O80:N2NO As we can see from the tabulated results, the life time is decreasing for water case than in oxygen case. Hence degradation is seen largely in case of water than in xyoxygenFollowing table will provide the knowledge of how the efficiency changes with different types of injection. Water injection showing the effect on Short circuit current, open circuit voltage , fill factor, and efficiency. As we can see from above data that the efficiency after injection is gradually decreasing. From the above data it is clear that the efficiency dropping Just after the oxygen injection is not as bad as water injection. Hence a moist free environment during preparing a layered structure, will play a vital role in improving the efficiencies of cells. Improving the efficiency of solution rorecessedmall molecule OPPoopssing thermal annealing. In this section we discuss about the insertion of (beFontainebleauBTBETunction into a ollighthousesackbones should lead to some interesting features for the photovoltaic applications. In addition, to enhance the light absorption properties by thermal annealing of active layers, and increase the hole mobility by inducing the self-organization of conjugated polymers or small molecules thereby increasing the efficiency of OPPoopsAll experimental conditions were carried under argon atmosphere with the use of standard scschlepsechniques. After being made the cell is having an effective area of 4mmomThe thermal annealing is carried out by directly placing the completed devices directly on a digitally controlled hotplate at various temperatures in a argon filled glove-box. The I-V characteristic curves of the photovoltaic cells are obtained by keKeith400 source measure unit. Results of the experiment with improved efficiencies is tabulated below: As we can see from the above three the normalized absorption region is high in particular range of wavelength. We can clearly see the LULUMPnd HOMO with their respective reduction and oxidation potential values. Following table gives the knowledge of effect of annealing on efficiency for different types of devices under different conditions. Hence annealing a device at appropriate temperature and under appropriate conditions will change the PCPACEfEfficiencyup to a significant extent. By combining two vacuum processed hetero Junctions to optimize the absorption power of OPPVCnd controlling the construction parameters thereby making them efficient. In this part of discussion, we have the concept of combining two vacuum processed single hetero junction organic solar cell with complementary absorption are described. The red bsabsorbingetero Junction consists of C6COnd a fluorinated zinc ptpathologicallyF4IFZnZinc thThateads to 0. 1-0. V open circuit voltage than the commonly used ZnZincFrom the manufacturing point of view, tandem concepts offer an advantage, due to serial connection of sub-cells the efficiency is increased by adding up voltages rather than currents. To increase the efficiency, we have to increase the absorption cross-section of the OPPVCFor absorption at longer wavelengths the fluorinated ptpatheticallyeriv ative (F4IFnZincis used as donor instead of ZnZincAs F4IFnZincs efficient in lowering the ionominationotential from 5. 1 eVveto. 46 eVeveue to the electron withdrawing character of the fluorine atoms. Higher fluorinated ptpathologicallytoms can be used as acceptors in organic solar cells. The absorption features of F4IFnZincn mixed layers with C6COre comparable to ZnZincexhibiting strong ababsorbencyn the red part of the spectrum peaking at 630 nmNMnd extending to above 800 nmNMThis is a good quality which is desired, as it increases the absorption coefficient of organic photovoltaic surface and thus increasing the efficiency. Heating the above mixed layer has the same effect that of common one but leads to an improvement in charge arairierensity. This can be seen through the mismatch of I-V characteristics. Hence here above we found out two more concepts of increasing the efficiencies. Now we further look into the dependence of efficiency on factors like light intensity, angle of illumination and temperature. For a OPPVCith a given efficiency, thickness and incident wavelength the most important factors on which we should concern about are the performance of the device under different illumination intensities for varying illumination angles at typical operating temperatures. 343429000449580Fromig. : The nfinfluencef illumination intensity on the device performance from 0. 5mMomcmCMo 310 mWmmmCMThe illumination is provided by halogen lamp kept at constant temperature of 25ICCheHereJsSCs directly proportional to lint over the complete range of illumination intensities. VoVoces increasing continuously with lint but below logarithmic value. FFIFhows weak maximum at lint?70mawmCMfter which it decreases by approximately 4% up to 31mawmCMThis shows the maximum power point to be mostly sub-line ar and the maximum efficiency approximately at 40mawcmCMFrom fig. : The influence of illumination intensity on the device performance roroom. 5mMomcmCMo 310 mWmmmCMThe illumination is provided by halogen lamp kept at constant temperature of 25ICCheHereJsSCs directly proportional to lint over the complete range of illumination intensities. VoVoces increasing continuously with lint but below logarithmic value. FFIFhows weak maximum at lint?70mawmCMfter which it decreases by approximately 4% up to 31mawmCMThis shows the maximum power cmCMGiven below is the calibrated data showing the dependence of illumination intensity on the device performance:leleptonsing a naunstructuredandwich processing. In this section we will see the structural dependence of OPPVCevice layers on efficiency. Researchers found that the efficiency of a device is almost tripled when naunstructuredandwich metal and plastic are used. These type of structures can collects and traps the light more effectively than any other. The nanotechnology is used to overcome the challenges that cause solar cells to lose energy. Challenges like light reflecting from the layered surface and inability of the cell to capture the light fully that enters in. But with the help of this NaAnnaaterial sandwich we can answer both the problems. The sandwich, which is generally called as sub-wavelength plplatonicavity. Have extraordinary characteristics of damping reflection and trapping light. Using this technique research studies have show us that only approximately 4% of the light is reflected and as much as 96% of the light is absorbed accounted for the increase in efficiency up to 52%. Above description is only for the direct sunlight(perpendicular light falling normal to the surface). This efficiency is much more for a solar cell surface upon which the light incident is at large angles i.Ie.EonOnloudy days and when cells not facing the light directly/ erreproductivelyBy capturing these light incident at large angles one can boost up the efficiency up to extra 81%, combining a total of 175% increase in efficiency. Thought the physics behind the innovation is complex the device structure is simple. The window layer(top layer) is extremely fine metal mesh and of the size of 30NMhick with each mesh having diameter of 17Mannnd 25NMpart. This mesh layer can even replace the ITTITayer. A picture of such naAnnaesh layer is shown below: The mesh window layer is placed very close to the bottom layer of the sandwich, the same metal film used in conventional solar cells. In between the two metal sheets is a thin strip of sesemiconductoraterial used in solar panels. It can be any type silicon, plastic or gallium arsenide although ChCohoseam used an 85-nanometer- thick plastic. The solar cells features the spacing of the mesh, the thickness of the sandwich, the diameter of the holes are all smaller than the wavelength of the light being collected. This is critical because light behaves in very unusual ways in sub- wavelength structures. ChCohoseam discovered that using these sub-wavelength structures allowed them to create a trap in which light enters, with almost no effleetingand does not leave, and hence efficiency is drastically can be increased. Here we will see some of the common factors like band gap of semiconductor, electric charge recombination and energy dissipation in the form of heat, which are limiting factors for power conversion efficiency of a solar cell. Light with less than the enenergyf band gap cannot be absorbed and cannot generate electricity inside the organic layer. Let say that the light with higher intensity and higher than the band gap is incident and generated the electricity inside the device and lets say that the charges aveaveeen generated. These generated charges if lost because of recombination; the electric current inside the device will decrease: and so the electric power of the cell will decrease. The relation between the maximum conversion efficiency and optical absorption edge are given in the following pipickHere: The red line represents the conventional theoretical limit of single-junction- inorganic cell; blue line represents the theoretical limit of the single-junction-organic solar cell; the black line represents the theoretical limit of the multi-]unction-organic cell. The theoretically calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency for a single junction- organic photovoltaic cell is about 21%. From the above picture we can see that for an appropriate range of optical absorption edge value only the maximum efficiency can be attained. Right side of pipicks the rough sketch of layered structure. Where, two active organic layers separate both the electrodes. By making molecules face to face by maintaining optimum donor acceptor relative positions. In this section we further precede our methods of improving the efficiency in organic solar cells aseasedn small molecules, and their dependence in structure at molecular levels. Researchers have shown that to transfer maximum energy more effectively inside of complex three dimensional OPPoopss to align the donor molecules face-on, rather than relative to acceptor or edge-on to the acceptors. We know that exexitedn energy particle created when light is incident on the material and got absorbed. This efficiency of a cell depends on this exexitedThis exexiteds found at the donor acceptor interface inside the cell. At interface exexitedreates power by itself converting into haharearriers that travel to the electrodes. Meanwhile inside at molecular level the atoms inside the donor acceptor levels itself mixes, cluster or both leading to the variances inside the domain leading to affect the conversion process and thereby affecting the efficiency. It is difficult for an individual to consider all changes at a time. 2525146001249680Buthen we consider the face-on orientation, which allows the favorable interactions for charge transfer and lessen the recombination loss can be thought of when efficiency is considered. The sample picture of face-on orientation eaeatingo favorable charge interactions is seen in the picture beside. OBBouthen we consider the face-on orientation, which allows the favorable interactions for charge transfer and lessen the recombination loss can be thought of when efficiency is considered. The sample picture of face-on orientation leading to favorable charge interactions is seen in the picture beside. By energy harvesting and improved storage methods. Most significant problem now a day to an organic photovoltaic industry facing is loss of energy. Saving, storing the dissipated energy will improve the efficiency more than nyNYther methods we adopted so far. Most of the dissipated energy is in the form of heat. Loss of energy is because of organic materials lack in properties to hold them up. Energy harvesting is a process by which ambient neenergys captured and converted into electricity. These energy harvesting includes ththermostaticphotovoltaic, piezoelectric materials. More the harvesting and storage material is efficient, more the efficiency of the solar cell. Solution processing of small molecules to improve efficiency by 6. 7% In this section we see that the solution processed small molecule organic solar cells an perform up to efficiencies ranging 6-8%. A combination of polymer design, morphology control, structural insight and device engineering lead us this much of efficiency. However solution processed small molecule BHBBCave their efficiencies below the polymeric ones. 33147005715 Normalized ababsorptionsvs.waWavelengthan be seen from adjacent fgfigures a result of solution processing. Normalized ababsorptionsvs.waWavelengthan be seen from adjacent figure as a result of solution processing. The component DIDIDs added to the solution to enhance the efficiency improving properties. We have a range of 0-1% v/v vixing.

Prime Minister essays

Prime Minister essays I am so thrilled to have been elected as the new Prime Minister of Canada! I have so many desires of what I would like to change for the better while I am elected. My first priority is to examine some of the issues facing Canadas Aboriginal people. When I look back on the history of Canadas governing, it saddens and angers me that there really has not been much change in the problems facing Aboriginal people. One of the reasons I decided to run for Prime Minister was that I was sick of the government implementing all these new programs and solutions but, with there being no actual change in the outcome. It is time to take on a fresh look at what the actual issues concerning Aboriginal peoples are. I find myself getting easily overwhelmed when I look at all the problems. I have to remind myself that I cannot change everything at once, but that I can be the catalyst for continued change in the future. I hope that my vision will be increased daily as to what can be done, and that I will not get discouraged. So with that, I am going to bed now I have a busy first day tomorrow. This is the start of my first week as Prime Minister! Today was an eventful day very exiting but scary at the same time. I grew up in the Lower Mainland, and so I try to keep strong relationships with the MPs from that region. One of my closest friends is the MP for Chilliwack, Chuck Strahl. He is a very fine family man, too bad he is married. I suppose that leads me to the issue of maintaining the family unit in Aboriginal homes. So many children (aboriginal and non aboriginal) come from broken homes these days. Usually the parents are separated or divorced, and this is largely due to alcohol and drug abuse. The strain that is put on a family when one or both of the parents are alcoholics is immense. To try and counteract this, I am goin ...

How to Find Unclaimed Bank Accounts in Canada

How to Find Unclaimed Bank Accounts in Canada The Bank of Canada is holding millions of dollars from dormant Canadian bank accounts, and they will return the money to its rightful owners free of charge. The Bank of Canada provides an online search tool and detailed instructions on how to claim money that is yours. Dormant Bank Accounts in Canada Dormant bank accounts are accounts that have no owner activity in relation to the account. Canadian banks are required by law to send written notification to the owner of a dormant bank account after two years, five years and nine years of inactivity. After 10 years of inactivity, unclaimed balances of all amounts are transferred to the Bank of Canada. Unclaimed Balances Held by the Bank of Canada Unclaimed balances held by the Bank of Canada are Canadian dollar deposits in Canadian banks at locations in Canada and negotiable instruments issued by Canadian banks at locations in Canada. This includes bank drafts, certified cheques, money orders and traveler cheques. The Bank of Canada holds unclaimed balances of less than $1,000 for 30 years, once they have been inactive for ten years at the financial institutions. Balances of $1,000 or more will be held for 100 years once they are transferred to the Bank of Canada. If the balance remains unclaimed until the end of the prescribed custody period, the Bank of Canada will transfer the funds to the Receiver General for Canada. The Bank of Canada provides a free online  Unclaimed Balances Search  database for unclaimed bank balances. How to Claim Funds To claim funds from the Bank of Canada, you must: Complete a claim form.Submit it with the appropriate signatures and documentation required to prove your identity and ownership of the funds. To submit a claim: Locate the accounts you wish to claim in the Bank of Canada  Unclaimed Balances Search  database.Click on the account, and then click on the claim form link. If there is no claim form link, click on the contact us link. It normally takes from 30 to 60 days to process a claim, although there may be delays due to the volume of requests the Bank of Canada receives or the complexity of the claim. You may also be contacted for further documents showing ownership. The Bank of Canada provides  detailed instructions  on their website on how to make a claim, including their contact address. You might also find the section on  frequently asked questions on unclaimed balances  useful.

Child-Centered Curriculum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child-Centered Curriculum - Assignment Example Thus, he uses four instincts to determine the character of the child. These are social, constructive, expressive, and artistic. Moreover, he accentuates that in every instinct, there's a corresponding curriculum that best suits the child. At first sight, John Dewey's child-centered curriculum may looked biased. However, I see it more effective rather than the philosophy proposed by disciplinarists who are main skeptics of John Dewey's belief. I discern that giving importance to a child's' decision help them restrain unnecessary actions and make them more responsible in their own lives. It not only set a perception where they are trusted but also divulge things they are capable of doing. Students, in able to be more effective should know what they really want. This will help them decide which field to pursue. Here, they are more assured to keep on track because they go in the path that interests them. As a shift manager, I seldom put my team under pressure. I motivate them through engaging them with healthy challenges, achievements and fair recognitions. As aforementioned above, I am sensitive to my team's' feelings rather than the goal. If truth be told, my management style varies towards different people just like curriculum towards students. In my job, I tend to handle different people. Same with John Dewey's treatment to students, I prefer giving my team the right to discover their individuality beyond rules and regulations.

Aristotle's Poetics vs. The Lottery and The Bourne Identity Essay

Aristotle's Poetics vs. The Lottery and The Bourne Identity - Essay Example For example, at the beginning of the story we have people gathering together for what seems to be a normal lottery. Then, we realize that this is no ordinary lottery because all the people seem nervous and afraid of winning. The stones that the children stack up are a foreshadowing of what is going to happen, but it doesn’t necessarily give away the ending. The reader knows that winning this lottery isn’t a good thing, so they may now be speculating about why it is such a bad thing to win. Getting the reader intrigued without giving away the ending drives the structure and arrangements of the incidents that occur in this tragedy. In this story, the characters are of secondary importance to the plot and the message that is conveyed. What gives the story it’s â€Å"soul† is the order of events which, in turn, builds up suspense and momentum. In the movie, â€Å"The Bourne Identity,† the arrangement and structure of the incidents are also very importan t in moving the plot forward. The first incident occurs when Jason Bourne wakes up in the fishing boat and doesn’t know who he is. Every incident that follows is a result of him trying to figure out who he is and who he works for. Thus, the plot is structured so that it moves from instance to instance based on a problem that requires a resolution.

Water Supply in India Essay Example for Free

Water Supply in India Essay India has a land size of 3. 29 million square kilometers with a diverse population which has narrowly exceeded the one billion mark. The demand for water has continued to rise fast due to urbanization where a significant percentage of the population lives in the urban areas. In addition, the increase in demand of water is further attributed to industrial growth and increase in agricultural consumption (Omvedt, 1993). Access to clean drinking water is a basic necessity of life. However supply of clean water in India remains to be insufficient despite the measures that have been taken by major institutions in India in curbing the problem. Most of the cities in India, though densely populated, do not have continuous access to clean water supply on a daily basis. Water is distributed for only a few hours per day. According to a study that was carried out in 2007 by the Asian Development Bank, twenty out of the thirty five states in India had an average duration of 4. 3 hours per day of clean water supply (Deorah, 2006). This proves the unreliability in management and distribution of piped water in major cities as well as in small towns in India. Although piped water is not well developed in rural areas, the same problem still thrives, sometimes hand pumps remaining out of order for a long time. It is quite embarrassing to find that even with the great advancements in technology in the 21st century, there are still some people in certain areas of the world who face the danger of ill health due to lack of enough and quality water. Sustainable management of water resources is quickly turning out to be a necessity with a looming crisis that seems to be a threat to the livelihood and security of the general public in the coming years (Siegfried, Brown, Heikkila, Lall, 2008). Basing on this background, it is therefore the objective of this paper to center on the problem of water supply in India. 2. 0 Literature review A number of authors and scholars have carried out studies on the issue of water supply in India. The main focal point of these researchers was on the causes and possible solutions to the problem of water supply in India. According to Deorah, the major cause of low amounts of water supply whose quality is also poor is majorly as a result of mismanagement of water as a resource (2006). According to studies done by Mustafa it is revealed that the story of water in most parts of the Indus Basin which is largely in India, is related to the political landscape of the area (2007). Some of the authors highlight the possibility of an imminent danger facing India due to the conflicting figures in relation to the rising demand for water against the decline in supply of the same (Homer-Dixon, 2000). In a bid to solve this problem, Uitto and Jansky proposes that the public be incorporated in the process of efficient management of water sources (2005). In addition, it has been sugested by some scholarly material that the implentation of â€Å"the water conservation campaign awareness† is a great step in finding a lasting solution (Birkenholtz, 2009). Into the same bargain are authors Siegfried, Brown, Heikkila and Lall who recommend the idea of recycling waste water as well as harvesting of rainwater as part of the solution (2008). On the same note, Omdvet in his book â€Å"Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India â€Å" gives the importance of preserving water catchment areas such as the Himalayas Mountains which plays a pivotal role in provision of water in the country (1993).

Synopsis of Lines 60 - 129 of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and The Green Knight

Synopsis of Lines 60 - 129 of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight In this section of the poem, the New Year has just begun. King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table have attended mass, and they are just beginning a spectacular celebration at Camelot. We are told the group is participating in traditional gift-giving and feasting. The dais where Lady Guenevere and Sir Gawain are seated is described as "well-decked and duly arrayed" with silk and expensive tapestries. (Norton, 204) It seems as though no expense has been spared. The fact that Gawain is seated next to the queen tells us of his importance and high status within the group. We learn that he is a nephew of King Arthur and that Agravain, another nephew of the king, is also seated there. King Arthur does not join the others when they sit down to eat. He is boyish, restless, and full of energy. He has vowed that he will not sit down to eat at a holiday celebration until he hears a tale "of some fair feat" or " some marvel of might." (Norton, 204) In other words, Arthur behaves like a young child who must be entertained before he will sit down to eat. The poet then tells us about the first course being brought in with the "clamor of trumpets that were bravely bedecked with bannerets bright, with noise of new drums and the noble pipes." (Norton, 204-205) Other sumptuous dishes follow. There is so much food that there is scarcely room to set it all down on the tables. Food, wine and beer are plentiful, and the mood is light and festive. In this passage, the knights of the Round Table are presented "in their first age." (Norton, 203) The poet easily brings the scene of this traditional celebration to life for the reader with his detailed descriptions of the festivities.

One word that has changed the world

Do you love apples? Well, Ido love apples! However, it is not because it's nutritious, instead, it haschanged world. Why? You may ask, or you may come to realize that Job's productsof apple brand have indeed brought us dramatic changes. You're partially right! Actually, in the longprocess of history, there are three apples that have exerted significant impacton us. One was bitten by Eva, one fell on Newton's head, and another on is inthe hand of Steven Jobs. The three great apples have shaped a brand-new worldwith a fire-new outlook.The three great apples have signified a usion of curiosity,intelligence, innovation and technology. The three great apples have endowed uswith a window to look through an unknown world, to explore, to innovate, toprogress and to advance. Eva's apple is a metaphor of human's curiosity. Curiosity is a child-like sense of wonder, making usquestion things that others do not even notice. Einstein once put it â€Å"I'mneither especially clever nor especially g ifted, I'm only very, very curious. † Hewent on to say that, â€Å"the important thing is not to stop questioning. Withthis regard, he proposed the relativity theory, a milestone in hysics, aleapfrog of human development. Stories like this happen all the time. Becauseof curiosity, we have been eager to explore the outer space, is there anyliving creature in outer space, is there any possibility to live on otherplanets so that helping release huge burden of congestion, climate variationand other knotty issues. Curiosity drives us to the Journey of exploration ofthis mysterious and unfathomable world. Curiosity propels us to fgure out allthe truths and facts.Newton's apple is amanifestation of human's intelligence. We can speak, we can create, we can makea ifference. All these features have distinguished us as a unique creature, Justa saying goes† there's nothing as precious as humans in the world†. Thanks tointelligence, our ancient ancestors have created a brillia nt civilization thatinspired the world for centuries. Due to their intelligence and endeavor, wehave transferred from a primitive society to a modern one. Intelligence is thesource of our development. Apple intelligence leads us to advance. Jobs' apple is a symbol of dailyupgrading technology.In retrospect, we'll fgure out that we have been livingin a orld tightly connected with technology, particularly, after the 1990s. Becauseof technology, our life now is strikingly different. With TV, we are immersedin extensive entertainment and relaxation, with telephones, we are delighted inconvenient and efficient contact with families and friends, with MP3, we areenchanted in melodic music at anytime anywhere, with internet, we are involvedin a wide range of activities—chatting online, sending mails, shopping,getting information and so forth. Every day, we're marveled at fabulous giftsfavored by technology.Apple technology akes us to innovation andtransformation. Whether you're holdi ng anipod 4 or you're holding 4 packs of apples. World is waiting for us to make a differenceand the three great apples have spured the most unparalleled and tremendouschanges for the world. The great apples, namely, curiosity, intelligence andtechnology are the source of strength of enterprising, pioneering andprogressing. Apple, is more than anapple. It is a word that has changed the world and it's my solid convictionthat another apple is to change the world! One word that has changed the world By gluttonysJt

Proper Role of Government

Describe the government and domestic environment of the country where your company is headquartered, then describe the international environment. Outline what organizations you may be associated with. (Example; WTO, OPEC, etc. ) Examine the 1st  country of International growth you outlined in your 10 year vision. Why did you strategically select that country? In what ways will your company contribute to the foreign country’s economic development? Are there any political concerns associated with expansion into this country? Why or why not? How do you plan to develop a good working relationship with the foreign country?Government Regulation on Media in AmericaPut together a SWOT analysis for your company. (This is considered an exhibit) Put together a PEST Analysis (exhibit) for the country you identified as the country into which your initial global expansion will take place. While maintaining its relationship with the United States, Japan has diversified and expanded ties wi th other nations. Having good relations with its neighbors can be a vital interest. Japan extended significant economic assistance to the Chinese in various modernization projects and supported Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). AIG† Japan contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The company contains an overview, business description, financial ratios, SWOT analysis, key competitors, key facts, key employees, locations and branches as well as information on products and services. The SWOT analysis the company profile can be crucial for the industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understanding of the company’s business. So, the SWOT Analysis utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources.As learned from reading the chapters and from the PowerPoint slides, SWOT is an abbreviation for the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of a firm and the environmental Opportunities and Treats facing that f irm. SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The technique is based on the traditions that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal resources (strengths and weaknesses) and its external situation (opportunities and treats). A good fit maximizes a firm’s strengths and opportunities and minimizes its weaknesses and threats.Accurately applied, this simple assumption has powerful implications for the design of successful strategy. AIG (American International Group) is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services organizations, with operations in more than 130 countries. With a market capitalization of like $200 billion, AIG is like in the top ten most company in the world. AIG’s subsidiaries are leading providers of retirement services, financial services and asset management around the world. The group was th e second largest insurance group in the world after China Life Insurance.SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Location| Types of Factor| | Favorable| Unfavorable| Internal| Strength * Global leading provider of financial services * Expanding global reach * Diversified product portfolio and new product development * Corporate advertising and brand building sponsorships| Weaknesses * US residential mortgage market exposure * History of regulatory investigations * Declining cost efficiencies | External | Opportunities * Acquisitions * Growth in asset management industry| Threats * US recession and volatility in financial markets * Industry consolidation|Japan has faced a number of external challenges over the long term, most of which relate to the rising importance of China and the associated threat to Japan's pre-eminent political and economic position in the Asia region. The country's long-term outlook is also strongly influenced by its demographics. Current trends indicate that the rate of decline in the working-age population will outpace that in the population as a whole. On the positive side, in 2021-30 Japan will see an increase in its rate of GDP growth per head to 1. 7% a year, from around 1% a year in the first two decades of the century.Productivity growth will also accelerate in the latter part of the long-term forecast period. The environment has some current issues with the air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber. | 2012-20| 2021-30| 2012-30| Growth and productivity (% change; annual av)| Growth of real GDP per head| 1. 5| 1. 7| 1. 6| Growth of real GDP| 1. 0| 1. 0| 1. 0| Labour productivity growth| 1. 9| 1. 8| 1. 8|

How to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps

How to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps A histogram is a type of graph that is used in statistics. This kind of graph uses vertical bars to display quantitative data.  The heights of the bars indicate the frequencies or relative frequencies of values in our data set. Although any basic software can construct a histogram, it is important to know what your computer is doing behind the scenes when it produces a histogram. The following walks through the steps that are used to construct a histogram.  With these steps, we could construct a histogram by hand. Classes or Bins Before we draw our histogram, there are some preliminaries that we must do.  The initial step involves some basic summary statistics from our data set.   First, we find the highest and lowest data value in the set of data. From these numbers, the range can be computed by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value. We next use the range to determine the width of our classes.  There is no set rule, but as a rough guide, the range should be divided by five for small sets of data and 20 for larger sets. These numbers will give a class width or bin width. We may need to round this number and/or use some common sense. Once the class width is determined, we choose a class that will include the minimum data value. We then use our class width to produce subsequent classes, stopping when we have produced a class that includes the maximum data value. Frequency Tables Now that we have determined our classes, the next step is to make a table of frequencies. Begin with a column that lists the classes in increasing order. The next column should have a tally for each of the classes. The third column is for the count or frequency of data in each class. The final column is for the relative frequency of each class. This indicates what proportion of the data is in that particular class. Drawing the Histogram Now that we have organized our data by classes, we are ready to draw our histogram. Draw a horizontal line. This will be where we denote our classes.Place evenly spaced marks along this line that correspond to the classes.Label the marks so that the scale is clear and give a name to the horizontal axis.Draw a vertical line just to the left of the lowest class.Choose a scale for the vertical axis that will accommodate the class with the highest frequency.Label the marks so that the scale is clear and give a name to the vertical axis.Construct bars for each class. The height of each bar should correspond to the frequency of the class at the base of the bar.  We can also use relative frequencies for the heights of our bars.

New to Reedsy Author Website Services

New to Reedsy Author Website Services New to Reedsy: Author Website Services Hi! It's Matt from the Product Team at Reedsy. We're pleased to announce the launch of author website design services on the Reedsy Marketplace. Some of the finest author website designers and waiting to collaborate with you to improve your web presence, or even build your site from scratch.Authors in 2017 simply can’t do without a website. And for independent authors, that goes double! If you want people to learn more about your current and upcoming books, where do you send them? If you need to build a mailing list, how do you do that? If readers, fans, or agents and publishers want to get in touch with you, where should they go?The answer to all these questions is -   you guessed it  - your wonderful author website!Our illustrious web designers have been handpicked from the absolute cream of the crop. It takes just a few minutes to request a free quote from professionals who have designed sites for both first-time authors and household names like Stephen King, Anthony H orowitz, Darren Shan, Cassandra Clare, EL James and Hanif Kureishi.Here are a few of the sites designed by Reedsy professionals: 10 Tips on How to Make an Author Website (+ Bonus Checklist) Read post Web design services offered by Reedsy professionals include:Updates to your existing websiteBranding and designWebsite hosting and domain setupNewsletter signup and lead magnetBlogContact formsImage galleriesSocial media sharingSearch Engine Optimization (SEO)To see what goes into creating an effective author website, check out these author website tips from our designers. Also,  head to our author website design page  to learn more about  collaborating with our awesome professionals.

7 short answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7 short answer - Essay Example The Mexican land owners were turned into aliens in the land where they were born and brought up. Both the Mexican landowners and the squatters faced a moral dilemma when the act came into being. In his death bed, Don Mariano Alamar blamed the US government which allowed the squatters to stake claims on the land owned by the Californios, like him. He said that the squatters were victims of a wrong legislation as he was. He also blamed the government for subverting moral principles so that this could happen. In the world of ‘The Squatter and the Don’, a gentleman is a Californio and not a squatter or a brigand. A gentleman also means, a person who knows how to keep his beloved away from suffering and pain. 5) In the closing chapter of Death Comes for the Archbishop, Latour expresses satisfaction at having lived to see the end of two great injustices. One of them is the end of slavery in the U.S. What is the other one? The second injustice alluded to by Latour was the injustice suffered by the Navajos, the Indian tribes living in the Northern America. Their land was invaded by the generals from United States and they were made landless. But in 1868, by an agreement, they were â€Å"resorted to their own country† and thus the injustice mentioned by Latour in this novel got corrected to some extent (Cather, 290). Thomas Stupen had an affair with the grand daughter of Wash Jones but after she gave birth to a girl child, Stupen was unhappy that he did not have a male heir. Hence he abandoned the woman and the child after telling them that they were not even worthy of sleeping in his stables, which enraged Jones and he killed Stupen. Dew Breaker means a person who destroys the serenity of the grass that stands fresh in the morning dew. In this novel, a Dew Breaker is the member of a group who tortured and killed thousands of people during the rule of Franà §ois and Jean-Claude Duvalier in

The Charge of the Light Brigade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Charge of the Light Brigade - Essay Example The film was produced by Samuel Bischoff with the association of Hal. B. Wallis as the executive producer. This film did quiet well in the terms of revenue but could only manage to grab the Academy Awards for Best Assistant Director though was also nominated for the Academy Awards for sound and Best Background Score. The Charge of the Light Brigade screened in 1968 is basically a British War Film directed by Tony Richardson under the banner of Wood Fall Film and was produced by Neil Hartley. It was distributed by United Artists and the screenplay was written by Charles Wood and. The film was nominated for six BAFTA film awards but failed to win any of them. One of the unique features of the film was the use of animations by Richard Williams based on the contemporary graphic style of Punch Magazine. The animations were used to portray the political events surrounding the battle. The Charge of the Light Brigade produced in 1936 casted Errol Flynn as Major Geoffrey Vicker, Olivia de Havilland as Elsa Campbell, Patrick Knowles as Captain Perry Vickers, C. Henry Gordon as Surat Khan, David Niven as Captain James Randall. Nigel Bruce and Spring Byington played the role of Sir Benjamin Warrenton and Lady Warrenton, respectively. The other important casts were Donald Crisp as Colonel Campbell, Henry Stephenson as Sir Charles Masefield, G.P. Huntley as Major Jowett, E.E. Clive as Sir Humphrey Harcourt, Robert Barrat as Count Volonoff and J.Carrol Naish as Singh. The plot of the 1936 film, The Charge of the Light Brigade opens up at the fictional city of Chukoti in India. This is the place where the two officers of the army under the British Raj are stationed with the 27th Lancers of the British Army. It was in the year of 1854; the two Majors stationed at the city named Geoffrey Vicker and his brother Captain Perry Vicker are in love with the

The difference between concepts of Absorption costing and Variable Essay

The difference between concepts of Absorption costing and Variable Costing - Essay Example The difference between concepts of Absorption costing and Variable Costing Direct costs are those costs that can be easily associated with a specific identity that may be a product or a service. Cost incurred for purchase of material, labor costs earned to produce the final product etc; all are a part of direct cost as they can be easily linked with per unit cost of a product (Gazely M A & Lambert M, 2006). Such costs vary with the nature of a business, for instance if a company manufactures electronic gadget like microprocessor and an expert production manager is hired for the job then his salary would be considered as a direct cost or if an individual runs a car washing business which is imparting of service, then the wages paid to the people hired for the job will be taken to be a direct cost. Direct costs are most of the time taken to be as variable costs. Variable costs increase proportionately with the increase in the quantity of production, thus they are also considered to be direct costs in nature. But in case when the manager or person acquired to monitor the production process is paid a regular amount of salary every month or for a particular period of time irrespective of the volume of production then it is called a fixed cost. The different types of direct costs consist of direct materials and direct labor. Direct materials are directly identified with the particular product (Seal W, Garrison H R & Noreen W E, 2006). For instance, to manufacture product like furniture, direct material required for it would be wood, varnish, polish etc. When charging expenses to federally sponsored agreements, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) faculty and staff must be aware of the appropriateness of the charges.   OMB Circular A-21 provides the criteria for direct charging costs to federally sponsored programs.   The basic principle is that costs directly charged to a sponsored project must be allocable, allowable, reasonable and necessary, and treated consistently. A cost to be called as a direct cost must result in a direct gain from an activity and also it should be directly allocable to the specific project or task taken into consideration (Hilton W R, Robert J. Swieringa J R & Turner J M, 1988). On the whole direct costs must be: Allocable: if the costs can be bifurcated into various heads such as

Portrayal Of Mexican American Heritage Film Studies Essay

Portrayal Of Mexican American Heritage Film Studies Essay There are many names that are often used to depict one of Mexican American heritage. Most Americans are familiar the use of such names as Chicanos and Cholos to name a few. But what do you often think of when you hear the terms being used? In this paper I will address the negative views that seem to be brought with these terms and the undeniable impact that the filming industry has had on these said associations. On the television a promotion comes on to entice you to go see the blockbuster movie of the month. The film is said to portray a loving Hispanic family that has just lost their daughter in a tragic accident. The television suddenly shuts off before you have a chance to see the rest of the advertisement for the movie. You start to predict the main plot of the movie yourself. Since the movie is about a Hispanic family, it is probably filmed in a rundown part of town with graffiti and abandoned buildings everywhere. Their daughter has more than likely been the victim of a stray bullet from a drive by shooting that was initiated over a gang fight or drugs. These types of views are not uncommon among most in America. The depiction of Hispanic characters in the past has usually been portrayed as criminal, greasy, and unintelligent. Directors and writers often put their prejudices into the work that they create and that in turn has created a world on screen of cultural stereotypes. Many actors are pushed to speak with certain accents and at times even their skin is made darker for effect. Women are usually cast to play roles as housemaids or an extremely sexual individual. Men often play the role of a mobster, landscaper, or extremely aggressive drunk person. The size of a typical Mexican family on film is often massive, with many children. Throughout U.S. history, Mexican Americans have, and continue to, endure various types of negative stereotypes which have long circulated in cinema. Silent films of the mid 1920s led to a few opportunities for Hispanics. Most of the early filmmakers were European immigrants and did not originally have the racial attitudes of Americans. Latinos were able to be actors and directors in Hollywood. The first Charlie Chaplin movies cameraman was from Mexico. There was no language barrier to contend with in the silent films either and were not subject to English-only prejudice. The Latin Lover, played by an Italian actor Ruben Valentino in early years, created an image that Latinos were much more passionate and sexual in comparison to Whites. By the end of the 1920s, however, European filmmakers had adopted U.S. racial values. They began excluding Latinos from the industry except when they were needed in front of the cameras. There they would generally play the stereotypical roles. The Latin Lover image often still exists today. With this Latin Lover image in the 1920s many Latinos were given leading roles. This also developed an image of Hispanic men as gigolos or Hispanic women as vamps in the mind of moviegoers. Spanish-language films were produced for the years between 1928 and 1939. They soon found that audiences only wanted to see the original stars of the film and decided to stop. This gave way to opportunities for Latino to star and participate as the image of the Latin Lover had diminished. Actors would generally change their names, hid their identities to be passed as white, or take stereotypical roles. Dark-skinned Latinos were confined to play negative roles or not work at all. One of Hollywoods and Mexicos biggest film stars during the 1920s and 1930s was Dolores Del Rio. Being dark-skinned, the studios would lighten her up. She was very proud of her heritage and declined roles that would put down her culture. She had refused to be branded by the studios as Spanish and insisted in being recognized as Mexican. Unfortunately, every time she turned down a character there was another actress willing play the demeaning role. Lupe Velez, known as the Mexican Spitfire, believed they would eventually return to more meaningful roles. After the 1930s, most Latinos who rose in popularity did so by hiding their identities using Anglo names. In later decades actors such as and Martin Sheen changed their names to avoid Hollywood typecasting. Raquel Welch was born Jo Raquel Tejada. Martin Sheen had his name changed from Ramon Estevez. The few leading Hispanic roles in films were often cast with White actors and this practice still continues today. For example, Marlon Brando played Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata! (1952). Natalie Woods stared in West Side Story (1961) as a young Puerto Rican woman. New opportunities arose in the Good Neighbor films of the 1940s although they were commonly minor Latin Lover roles and were often back-up to a white American lead. Latin Americans with musical abilities were brought in to perform in musical numbers. Among the most successful were Desi Arnaz and Carmen Miranda. Carmen Miranda was a singer-actress born in Portugal. She was known for her exaggerated costumes and style of performance. They each came to symbolize the comic, tropical Latino, a stereotype that is widely known today. Actor Cheech Marin is one of Hollywoods most recognizable Hispanic stars. He was the other half of the comedy team Cheech and Chong, opposite Tommy Chong, in the 1970s. The team was often criticized by some in the Latino community for their portrayals with negative stereotypes, even though they were hugely popular at the box office. Cheech portrayed a low-rider who spoke Calo and wore clothes looking similar to a Zoot Suit with a wallet chain. His Chicano character was heavily into smoking marijuana. Marin went on to write, direct, and star in Born in East L.A which is a film about a third-generation Hispanic American who accidentally becomes mistaken as an illegal immigrant from Mexico and is deported. Unfortunately, he neither speaks nor understands Spanish. Stereotypes often come into play throughout the entire movie such as when the main character teaches some locals how to act like a vato. That same year he appeared in From Dusk till Dawn, a horror film written by Quentin Tarati no. In the movie Marin plays three different roles. He is a border official, doorman for a strip club, and criminal contact for the villains of the movie. On a side note, Selma Hayek is cast in the movie as Santanico Pandemonium who is the vampire princess and main attraction at the strip club, thus further enforcing the belief of the sexual vamp. The referenced Cheech movies and its characters show typical stereotypes of Hispanics as criminals and unintelligent druggies. Marin did an interview in which he claimed he was often persuaded into being more cholo with this character in order for it to sell better. One cannot contemplate he impacts of famous Hispanic actors without thinking of Edward James Olmos. Olmos got his first big break in the production of Zoot Suit in 1978, which was a musical based on the famous Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles in 1942. He was cast as the narrator El Pachuco and, more or less, the films master of ceremonies. He is the main characters demonic, zoot-suited alter ego. Olmoss character seems to represents the fury inside this main character and the remains of his machismo. Unfortunately, though the movie and play try to make a point of obvious racism against Hispanics, it also plays into the common stereotypes instead of against them. The Calo words pachuco, vato, simon, and chale are said way above the normal usage for anyone. In the film Stand and Deliver, which was based on a true story, Olmos portrayed teacher Jaime Escalanet who will do anything to teach his Hispanic students the complicated mathematics of Calculus. The movie is very close to the actual real life story of the Garfield High students experience with Mr. Escalante. However, I believe that the Hispanic stereotypes used were a bit over indulged and exaggerated for the sake of the movie in order to make it more appealing. Lou Diamond Phillips has starred in many pictures where he was cast in the stereotypical Hispanic roles. He was a co-star alongside Edward James Olmos in Stand and Deliver where he played Angel Guzman, a young troubled gang member. One of his most memorable roles was his portrayal of the life and death of singer Ritchie Valens in La Bamba. He also portrayed a young outlaw named Jose Chavez Y Chavez in Young Guns and Young Guns II. Chavez y Chavez was a member of the Regulators where he met Billy the Kid and soon joined his group of wanted outlaws. While the films mentioned are based on real life accounts, they serve as prime examples of the Hispanic stereotype. To add to the writing for the movie, directors had the actors embellish certain Mexican traits within these characters to make them stand out more in order to entertain the viewer. In contrast, we can look at another famous actor Emilio Estevez. Because of his blonde hair and blue eyes he has been cast in many mainstream pictures. Unlike his brother and father, who are both great actors in their own right, Emilio decided to take on his surname of Estevez. In 1958, Emilios father was forced to change his name for the movie industry. He didnt look Hispanic but to have a Hispanic or Latino last name was not popular. The same could be said when Emilio started his acting career. He battled with his father about whether to use the name Sheen over Estevez. His father had persuaded him to keep his name; partially due to the regret he had for deciding to change his. While he held on to the surname of Estevez, Emilio has done everything but a Hispanic character on screen. In the movie Young Guns he was cast as Billy the Kid, with the Mexican role of Jose Chavez y Chavez being played by Lou Diamond Phillips. He has avoided any Latino roles altogether, thus avoiding the po ssibility of any stereotypes involved. The cult classic Scarface was about a greasy immigrant named Tony Montana who became a Cuban/Latino drug lord. While he is a disgraceful character, many Latinos love to claim him as their own. It portrays on the big screen the label of Latinos as gun toting, drug running killers. It further adds to the impression of having a White woman as their own being a symbol of an achieved higher status. Hollywood will continue to represent Latinos in this way as long as the audience applauds it. Children learn stereotypes and attitudes about race from their parents, caretakers and the world around them. The Disney studios have long been a culprit of putting cultural stereotypes on the screen. The original Speedy cartoons had many stereotypes and unflattering characterizations of Mexicans. Speedy Gonzales is a stereotypical poor Mexican mouse with a highly exaggerated accent that could run very fast. This was in comparison to his sluggish, continually lazy friends who were also shown as drinkers in the earlier versions of the cartoon. For example, there was his cousin Eslow Poke Rodriguez. The animated movie Oliver and Company had a Latino Chihuahua named Alonzo that is typecast as a troublemaker who at one point in the film talks about stealing cars. In yet another Disney film, A Bugs Life, the grasshoppers are presented as being tough, rowdy, and uncivilized and are always ready to start a fight. In one particular scene the grasshoppers are relaxing and drinking alcohol. Th ey are in a southern environment ordering Mexican drinks and dancing to Hispanic music. This correlation reinforces the cultural classifications by associating Hispanic culture with drunken and rowdy celebrations Hollywood has a long and continued history of racial insensitivity. Stereotypes could be considered its stock in trade. It is always going to exploit the stereotypes of Hispanic culture in order to appeal to the hostility others may have towards them. For the sake of the film industry and sales, directors are always going to tell Hispanic actors to speak with exaggerated accents and have overstated mannerisms. There is always going to be the Latina maid or the sexy Hispanic landscaper ready and willing to perform their employers every fantasy. The Latin housekeeper is going to be either the truth-teller or the fantasy wife in comedies about an American household. Actress Lupe Ontiveros has been cast in film as a maid over 150 times. That is definitely a perfect example of type casting strictly because of her ethnic background. In conclusion, stereotypes are just a simple, one-dimensional portrayal of people. Usually they are based on sex, race, religion, profession or age. As we try to make sense of the world, we have all been guilty of stereotyping people to some degree.  Filmmakers will continue to rely heavily on stereotypes. They are a quick, simple way to establish the traits of the characters in the movie. For example, Blonde women are dumb, Teenagers are sex-crazed, foreigners are villains, Mexicans are lazy, and Blacks are natural born athletes. While the film industry of today may be more sensitive to issues of culture than it once was, many movies still keep alive common false impressions about groups of people. Such oversimplified and inaccurate portrayals have a profound effect on how we perceive one another. It also has an effect on how we relate to one another and how we value ourselves.