Need a Completed Sample Paper For an Essay Called a Research Project?

Need a Completed Sample Paper For an Essay Called a Research Project?I need a completed sample paper for an essay called a research project. I have heard all the hype about getting an A grade, but I really want to do well. So, what can I do to get better grades?If you are getting good grades and would like to achieve better ones, I am not talking about getting a high grade, but something that you will be proud of when you get that grade. There are a lot of other people doing the same thing as you. Most are doing very well, but they still don't get good grades. One of the reasons is because they don't know how to write a good paper. I am going to show you how to write a great paper without having to hire a ghostwriter.When I was in college, I was never given the opportunity to learn how to write a perfect essay. I was not given any books to help me, I was just given the chance to pick up a dictionary. It is really hard to learn new things when you only have one option to get it done.W ell, I decided to give that right tip to get better grades and that is to write a great essay. I decided to find out where they get the information on papers that are perfect for essays. I couldn't find any information, so I decided to look for someone who would tell me how to write a perfect paper. I found a source on the internet that would give me all the tips I needed.My source tells me that I need to write a perfect paper that has one meaning for every word I used. In order to be successful with this tip, I decided to use a word processor to help me.Writing a research paper for an essay can be time consuming, especially if it is a long essay. I found out that I needed to take a half hour to an hour break to make it look right. That means I need to write my paper while also doing other things. My tip tells me that I need to put all my focus on just one sentence at a time and I need to give each sentence a specific meaning.The better way to do this is to use one article. In order to keep the paragraphs from becoming too long, I just go over each paragraph and rewrite them. In the end, I am able to write a perfect essay for a perfect grade. There are a lot of ways to get a good grade, but learning how to write a great paper is my favorite.

Repentance vs. Remorse free essay sample

Repent does, however, mean; to turn away from sin and resolve to reform ones life. To further break It down, I looked up the words resolve and reform. Resolve means to determine; decide. Reform, however, has many definitions applicable to the word repent; 1). To make better or improve by removal of faults. 2). To correct or improve ones own character or habits. 3). Improvement or correction of what is corrupt or defective.So from this analysis of the word repent, I have learned that God does not desire my remorseful apology, but rather that I turn away from my sin(s). To turn away from means I must stop doing, just as It Is Impossible to face both east and west simultaneously. So to replace the word repentance with these definitions, the sentence now reads; where there Is no running away from sin and deciding/ determining to improve my life and character by removal of fault and improvement of what is corrupt or defective within me, there can be no remission. We will write a custom essay sample on Repentance vs. Remorse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This brings me to the definition of the word remission. Remission is defined as the act or process of remitting, so I had to look up the root word remit, for which two definitions stuck out. The first was the obvious definition of forgive; pardon. Self-explanatory. The second definition, to give or gain relief from, Interested me because the dictionary referenced this definition to pain. So now I understand that if I do not repent, then God can not forgive or pardon me, nor can he give me relief from my pain. I realize from this study that many people, me included, confuse the definition of the word repent with the definition of the word remorse. Remorse is defined as a gnawing distress arising from a sense of guilt for past wrongs. This Is not to say that one shouldnt feel remorseful, as any person with a conscience will undoubtedly feel at times. Rather It Is saying that we can not use our remorseful feelings as a replacement for repentance. Through the breakdown of the rod repent we learned that we must resolve, or determine, or decide to change our lives.This means we must make a conscious effort, a choice if you will, to turn away from our wrongdoings. We must choose a different path. I also realize that though remorse must not replace repentance, it does play a part in the act of repentance. A person will never stop committing an act If they dont see the error of their ways. If away and choose to stop doing it. Where there is no remorse, there will be no repentance. But where there is no repentance there can be no remission.

A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Health care reform in the United States has a long history. Reforms have often been proposed but have rarely been accomplished. Har ry Truman in the 1940s , Richard Nixon in the 1970s, and Bill Clinton in the 1990s have given important struggles for a law that would cover every US citizen in health insurance. After all of them, when Obama became president, he brought the health system, which is called ObamaCare. In March, 2010, US President Barack Obama's healthcare bill passed by Congress. It aims to provide about 50 million Americans, 16 percent of the population, health care. "We have decided that it's time to give every American quality healthcare." said Barack Obama in his speech. The health system in America is the world's most expensive health system. Despite the fact that all kinds of health services, medicines and health insurance premiums are expensive, the quality of health care in the United States is low. The structure of the health insurance system in the USA is as follows: State pays health insurance expenses for government officials and soldiers. (These are 2 percent of the population.), Those who are very old or very poor benefit from two different applications called Medicare and Medicaid, which are funded from the budget. The state pays for these two different applications.(Medicare covers 15 per cent of the total population, 16 per cent of Medicaid.), In large-scale industrial establishments, employees in companies, benefit from insurance paid by premium establishments.(For nearly 45 percent of the population, these programs provide health insurance.), Personal insurances, group insurances are usually very expensive and have limited coverage. (Only 6 percent of the population benefits from private insurance with their own means.) Many Americans lack health care. The proportion of uninsured has been rising steadily since the 1970s. Except for the United States, no rich nation in the world fails to provide comprehensive health care that is free or inexpensive to its entire population. For this reason, health reform has been discussed in the United States for years. The health reform was a promise that Obama could fulfill. This reform is the product of Obama's promise to provide "h ealth care for everybody's budget". The Law on Affordable Healthcare, known publicly as Obamacare , entered into force gradually from 2010 onwards, despite the endless opposition of the Republicans. The pr oportion of uninsured people in the country has fallen from 15.7 percent to 9.2 percent. On the other hand, the Republican Party has strongly opposed Obamacare from the very beginning on the grounds that it infringes on individual freedoms and the US Constitution because it obliges health insurance. The new president, Donald Trump, showed his determination after the election that he was determined to cancel Obamacare except for a few parts. Thus, Obama's success is a controversial issue, although it seems to be among the promises Obama has made, it does not seem to be long-lived. Obamacare, officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC), but more often called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) for short, reformed health care system as a whole. Obamacare was signed into law to reform the health care industry by President Barack Obama on March 23,2010 and upheld by the Supreme Court ruling on June 28,2012. This ruling involved changing the law to allow states to opt-out of expanding Access to Medicaid. Obamacare was signed into law to address the national health care crisis and to ma k e insurance more affordable and available for 44 million uninsureds. The Affordable Care Act 2010 is a reformation of healthcare system to be t ter be able to aid and treat the large percentage of law and middle income Americans who suff e r everyday without the proper health insurance. Obamacare,offered subsidies to obtain affordable quality health insurance and also did things like expand Medicaid to almost 20 million more Americans. The health care law has already aided millions of Americans afford be t ter quality health insurance, helped to reform the health insurance industry, and has expanded Americans healthcare rights. The healthcare law also aims to reduce wasteful spending and healthcare programs that are not working. The Affordable Care Act expands

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Risk Management - Essay Example These risks are then incorporated in the bones of the â€Å"fish† (Lin, 2009). This is effective as it assists the person carrying out the analysis understand the critical threats that exist and thus work to eliminate all the risks starting with these ones. This method is effective in reducing the running costs because there is the prior identification and elimination of the risks. There is also the qualitative risk identification and assessment. In this, there is the red light and green light rating where there is the analysis of the risks that will have the greatest impact. After this, there is the analysis of the major project objectives where there is then the changing of the various features regarding the goals where they can be altered (Lin, 2009). This is helpful in that it reduces the amount of defects that may occur. Urgency assessment in identification assists in understanding where along the project continuation the risk may occur. Scheduled delays are the ones best resolved through this method of risk identification and

Recruitment Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Recruitment Process - Essay Example The USA Staffing recruiting system has been designed by the federal government to cater for the special and unique requirements as determined by the federal recruitment and staffing. The application process is done online and the applicants can use USAJOBS and the DEA Career Gateway by USA Staffing recruiting system (DEA, 2015). The advantage of the application process is that it is convinient and the applicants can contact the application manager in the event that they have encountered some problems. On the other hand, the applicationprocess to Join Los Angeles Police force begins by downloading an application form which needs to be completed by the applicant. This process is comprised of seven steps. According to Los angeles Police Force website, the first step in the application process involves Preliminary Background Application (PBA) and Job Preview Questionnaire (JPQ) which is completed online. This aims to help the applicant identify issues that help them better understand the force and check if they have the potential to qualify. The second step is The Personal Qualifications Essay (PQE) which is comprised of essay questions related to judgment and decision making and behavioral flexibility and the applicant’s communication skills are also evaluated. The third step involves background investigation and poligraphy examination. This is meant to obtain the applicant’s background information and family members may also be interviewed to obtain this information. The fourth step involves Physical Abilities Test to measure strength as well as capability in terms of performance. The fifth stage involves interviews where the panelists seek to assess your personal accomplishments, motivation communication skills as well as interpersonal skills to see if you are capable of doing the job. The sixth step involves medical and

Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests

Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests Careful analyses of the community of insects encountered on a decomposing body, combined with knowledge of insect biology, ecology, and local environmental conditions, can often provide valuable forensic insights. These can include the estimation of time since death, movement of the remains after death, indication of antemortem injuries, and the presence of drugs or toxins. Over the past two decades, there has been an apparent increase in the incidence of drug-related deaths reported within the United States and other countries. Decedents in such cases are, in many instances, not discovered for a substantial period of time (days or weeks). The resulting state of advanced decomposition and environmental recycling typically encountered in these situations often dictates the employment of various entomological methodologies. The entomological techniques most frequently utilized are based on comprehensive analyses of the insects and other arthropods associated with the remains, their development, and patterns of succession (Goff and Flynn 1991, Goff and Odom 1987, Lord et al. 1986). The accuracy of entomological estimates in deaths involving narcotic intoxication has been subject to debate in recent years, as few available studies have explored the effects of drugs contained in decomposing tissues on fly colonization and ovipositional behavior, or on the rates of development of carrion-frequenting insects feeding on such food sources (Goff 1993). Additionally, relatively few studies have examined the effects of other tissue contaminants, such as toxins or environmental pollutants on these behaviors or the developmental patterns of the insects colonizing such tissues. In recent years, interest has also focused on the potential use of carrion-frequenting insects as alternative toxicological specimens in situations where traditional toxicological sources, such as blood, urine, or solid tissues, are unavailable or not suitable for analysis. The use of anthropophagic fly larvae (maggots) as alternate toxicological specimens is well documented in the entomological and forensic science literature (Miller et al. 1994). Detection of various toxins and controlled substances in insects found on decomposing human remains has contributed to the assessment of both cause and manner of death (Lord 1990, Goff and Lord 1994, Nolte et al. 1992). With the development of hair extraction technologies, attention has recently focused on the analysis of chitinized insect remnants that are frequently encountered with mummified and skeletonized remains (Miller et al. 1994). In such cases, the standard toxicological specimens are often absent. Studies of the use of carrion-feeding arthropods as alternative toxicological specimens, and of the impact that tissue toxins and contaminants have on the development of immature insects feeding on these substances, currently comprise the major avenues of exploration in the emerging field of entomotoxicology. The potential value of larval and adult carrion-feeding insects, and their chitinous remnants, as alternative sources of toxicological information has been clearly demonstrated. As with other emerging technologies, however, great care must be taken in the interpretation and use of such data, particularly within the forensic arena. Given recent advances in analytical procedures, it has become more practical to use even decomposed tissues for analysis (Tracqui et al. 2004). The situation may still be encountered where for various reasons there are no tissues remaining and the arthropods remain the only available material for analyses. In these instances, a qualitative analysis will be of value, but any attempt at quantitation must be viewed with skepticism. Much more research is required before the full potential of this discipline can be recognized. Forensic toxicologists qualitatively and quantitatively identify drugs and poisons which may be relevant to cause and manner of death. In most cases, toxicological specimens are collected at autopsy. Alternatively, if a body is badly decomposed, bone, hair, and insect larvae and pupae are collected and analyzed. The use of insects and insect remnants as toxicological specimens is well documented. Insect tissue or remnants (pupal cases, frass, etc.) can be used to identify drugs and toxins present in decomposing tissues. Literature to date has cited the use of arthropods as an alternative toxicological source since 1980. Beyer was one of the first to use maggots to qualitatively assess drug presence in a suspected suicide case. A body of a 22-year old female was found skeletonized except for the skin. Larvae were collected and homogenized with the proteins precipitated out of solution. Gas chromatography was used to identify a phenobarbital concentration of 100 ÃŽ ¼g/g in larval tissue. The larvae were identified as Cochliomyia macellaria (Beyer et al. 1980). Levine et al. (2000) described a case in which an unidentified male was found by a river and was decomposed and skeletonized. An empty bottle of secobarbital was found near the body. Calf muscle and maggots were sent for toxicological analysis. No substances or drugs were detected in the calf muscle, but secobarbital was identified in the maggots by electron ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In a similar study, Wilson et al. (1993) reared Calliphora vicina on human skeletal muscle from suicidal overdose victims of co-proxamol (propoxyphene and acetaminophen) and amitriptyline. Third instars were transferred to drug-free muscle or allowed to feed on drug-laden muscle for two more days prior to harvesting. The drug concentrations in the muscle food source were 0.48 ÃŽ ¼g/g amitriptyline, 0.38 ÃŽ ¼g/g nortriptyline, 0.99 ÃŽ ¼g/g propoxyhene, and 14.3 ÃŽ ¼g/g acetaminophen. The mean ratios of drug concentrations in larvae to the food source were 0.5, amitriptyline; 0.5, nortriptyline; and 0.06 for propoxyphene. In all stages no drugs or metabolites were detected in puparia, pupal cases, or adults (Wilson et al, 1993). Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, was identified in larvae found on a decedent thought to be a suicide victim. Malathion was detected at a concentration of 2,050 ÃŽ ¼g/g of larvae in specimens collected from the decomposing remains. Malathion exhibits low toxicity in mammals, yet a high toxicity to adult insects. In this case, the maggots were developing normally despite concentrations of malathion that were toxic to rats and adult species of blowfly (Gunatilake and Goff 1989). This case illustrates the importance of studying the effects many drugs and toxins have on insect species since drugs and toxins may affect insect development, mortality rates, and PMI. The effects of various drugs and toxins to carrion-feeding insects have been investigated, but this area of study is still expanding. Tracqui et al. (2004) examined 29 necropsies in which various organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids, meprobamate, digoxin, and nefopam) were detected in arthropod larvae sampled from human corpses. Larvae were collected from multiple sites on the cadaver, weighed, washed, and dried. The larvae were mechanically homogenized and then extracted using solid or liquid phase extraction procedures. Sample extracts were then analyzed by gas or liquid-chromatography. The results indicated that the concentrations of the drugs in insect tissues tended to be lower than those of cadaveric samples, and that concentrations varied between anatomic sites (i.e. within anatomic sites when larvae were grouped according to their site of sampling). Tracqui et al. (2004) also found only weak correlat ions between the concentrations of drugs in biofluids at the time of death and those in the larvae sampled from the cadaver at a later time. Goff has conducted a number of entomotoxicology experiments with various drugs (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991, Goff et al. 1992, Goff et al. 1993, Goff et al. 1994). When Goff did his studies he administered the drug to a living animal. He did this so that known and reproducible concentrations of drugs and metabolites in animal tissue could be used to approximate amounts normally encountered in human fatal overdoses. Hà ©douin et al. (1999) established concentrations of morphine in an animal model before rearing larvae on tissues. Morphine, a metabolite of heroin, was injected intravenously into rabbits. The kinetics of morphine elimination from blood after a single intravenous injection of morphine and the concentrations of morphine in tissues following a continuous perfusion were established. Morphine concentrations were determined using radioimmunoassay techniques. The rabbits that received a single injection received 2 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride. Three rabbits received 2 mg/kg of body weight of morphine hydrochloride per hour for a period of 3 h using a continuous perfusion through a plastic catheter in the ear. Results from the continuous perfusion showed that the concentrations of morphine differed according to the organ analyzed, but were reproducible for organs between animals. This study permitted known and reproducible concentrations of morphine in the rabbit to be used as a subst rate for rearing of larvae in entomological studies. Goff used rabbits in his entomotoxicological studies of cocaine and heroin on Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). The rabbits in the heroin study were given 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg of heroin by cardiac puncture. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on liver tissue containing heroin. From hours 18 to 96, larvae feeding on liver tissue containing heroin developed more rapidly than those feeding on the liver from the control. Time required for pupation was also greater for larvae that fed on tissue from heroin dosed rabbits than for the control larvae. The rates of development were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development by up to 29 hours (Goff et al. 1991). In a similar study, three domestic rabbits received dosages of 35, 69, and 137 mg cocaine in 5 mL saline via cardiac puncture in the cocaine study. The dosages represent one-half the LD50, the normal LD50, and twice the LD50. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on tissues containing cocaine. From hours 30 to 70, larvae developed more rapidly on tissue containing cocaine from rabbits injected with 69 mg and 137 mg of cocaine than on tissue from rabbits injected with 35 mg of cocaine or no cocaine. Total development times required for pupation and adult eclosion were also shortened. Differences between larvae developing on cocaine-dosed rabbit tissue compared to a control were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development in decomposing human tissues by up to 24 h (Goff et al. 1989). Goffs results indicate that an opiate (e.g., heroin) and a stimulant drug (e.g., cocaine) can both increase the rate of development in the Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). Bourel et al. (1999b) administered morphine chlorhydrate to three rabbits each at a different concentration. The three concentrations were 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/h of morphine chlorhydrate via ear perfusion. A fourth rabbit was used as a control. Following administration of the drug, rabbits were sacrificed and 400 eggs of Lucilia sericata were placed in the eyes, nostrils, and mouth of each rabbit. Larvae were sampled daily to determine growth rate and weight. Puparia and emerging adults were also sampled. In this study, the larvae reared on the control and the rabbits that received 12.5 and 25 mg/h of morphine developed at similar rates from hours 41 to 69, while larvae reared on the carcass given 50.0 mg/h of morphine developed at a slower rate. From hour 91 to 165, the larvae from carcasses that received 12.5 and 50.0 mg/h developed at the same rate, which was slower than the control colony. Overall, the effects of morphine appear to be dose dependent as the larvae feeding on the rabbit that received the greatest dosage were the slowest to develop. Based on results from this study, between hours 91 and 165 estimations of larval age based on total length can be significantly in error if the presence of morphine in tissues is not considered. The error can be as great as 24 h for Lucilia sericata larvae measuring from 8 to 14 mm total length. In another case Bourel et al. (2001) used approximately 100 larvae of L. sericata reared on seven 250 g portions of minced beef combined with morphine hydrochloride solutions. After egg hatch, 10 specimens of second instar, third instar, post-feeding third instar and pupae were sampled and immediately frozen. After adults emerged, they were kept in a jar until they died and desiccated. Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant analyzed for morphine content using a specific radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of morphine were high in second and third instar larvae, almost proportional to concentrations in minced meat, but almost no morphine was detected in pupae. The results indicate that larvae excrete the drug during the post-feeding stage. A quantity of morphine is sequestered in the cuticle of pupae, but at minute concentrations. Morphine is sequestered in the cuticle during larval growth and in the formation of puparia (Bourel et al. 2001). Elimination of drugs or toxins prior to metamorphosis has been shown in other studies. Sadler et al. (1995) was able to detect trimipramine, trazodone, and temazepam, in the larvae of Calliphora vicina, but was unable to detect the drugs in the pupae. The fact that drugs do not bioaccumulate throughout the life of the larvae suggests that elimination mechanisms are present. Drug concentrations decreased when larvae were taken from drug laden meat and placed on drug free meat. The results of these studies indicate the importance of collecting larvae for toxicological analysis from those feeding actively on a corpse. Introna et al. (1990) reared Calliphora vicina larvae on liver specimens from 40 cases in which cause of death had been determined to be opiate intoxication. Analysis of larvae and liver for opiates (morphine) was accomplished by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of opiates for all cases was found to range from 8 to 1,208 ÃŽ ¼g/kg for larvae and 26 to 1,769 ÃŽ ¼g/kg for the liver specimens. A significant difference was found between the opiate liver and larval concentrations. Goff and Lord (1994) reviewed various studies in entomotoxicology and concluded that entomotoxicological testing was essential to accurate forensic entomology conclusions. Data indicating the presence of drugs allow for corrections to the data in cases when drugs affect insect development. Future trends in forensic entomology The precise estimation of PMI is the most important goal  of forensic entomology by refining the techniques used. Developmental and succession data, consideration of a  greater number of geographical regions and a range of  death scene scenarios are essential. Moreover there are  several parameters which need further attention. It is important to consider factors that might alter the  time of oviposition, such as covering corpses with  branches or tight wrapping with blankets, carpets or  plastic bags, and indoor placement, because these factors  may delay initial oviposition (Higley and Haskell 2001). Seasonal influences, such as cold and rainy weather, may  inhibit or even prevent fly activity and delay oviposition  (Erzinclioglu 1996). However, Faucherre et al. (1999)  observed flying as well as ovipositing Calliphora vicina  under extreme conditions in the Swiss Alps, colonizing a  corpse in a 10-m deep cave at a temperature of about 5_C. The generally accepted assumption that activity of  necrophagous flies ceases below an air temperature of  10_C (Williams 1984) or even 12_C (Smith 1986;  Erzinclioglu 1996) may be questionable (see also Deonier  1940; Nuorteva 1965). However, the case described by  Faucherre et al. (1999) occurred at an altitude of 1,260 m  and therefore a cold-adapted population of C. vicina may  have been involved. Blowflies usually show peaks of oviposition activity in  the early afternoon (Nuorteva 1959a; Baumgartner and  Greeenberg 1984, 1985; Greenberg 1990). These insects  are not active at night and generally do not lay eggs  during nighttime (Greenberg 1985). A postmortem interval  estimation based on that assumption has to consider  the possibility that a corpse which was found about noon  and was infested by recently hatched maggots, could have  been deposited there in the late evening of the previous  day. Hence, fly eggs detected on a corpse during the night  would lead to the conclusion that death occurred during  the previous day or earlier (Nuorteva 1977). Greenberg  (1990) presented the first experimental evidence of  nocturnal oviposition by three forensically important  blow flies, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina and Lucilia  (Phaenicia) sericata. On the other hand, Tessmer et al.  (1995) reported that blowflies fail to lay eggs at night  bot h in urban (with lighting) and rural dark habitats. However, Singh and Bharti (2001) supported the findings  of Greenberg (1990). Hence nocturnal oviposition is a  possibility and should be taken into consideration. Diapause, the period during which growth and development  of insects is suspended, is still a challenge for the  forensic entomologist (see also Ames and Turner 2003). Depending on the insect taxa, the major influences on  larvae or pupae are photoperiod and temperature. Declining  day length and/or decreasing temperatures indicate  approaching winter and induce diapause, preventing  development under unfavourable environmental conditions. In many forensically important blowflies, diapause  is under maternal control and exposure of females to short  day lengths induces diapause in the offspring (Vinogradova  1991). Species with a large geographical range  have to face changes in day length throughout the year. The critical day length which induces diapause will be  longer in populations from a northern range than in  southern populations (McWatters and Saunders 1998). The forensic entomologist working in a temperate region  investigating a sample of dead maggots collected from a  corpse during late September has to consider the possibility  that these maggots had already entered diapause. Besides day length, temperature may also influence the  incidence of diapause (Vinogradova and Zinovjeva 1972). Unlike photoperiod, temperature is not a noise-free signal,  as it is subject to considerable variation both within and  between years (McWatters and Saunders 1998). Increasing  constant temperature is known to reduce the incidence  of diapause in forensically important Dipteran species,  such as Liopygia argyrostoma (Saunders 1975), Protophormia  terraenovae (Vinogradova 1986) and Calliphora  vicina (McWatters and Saunders 1998). The duration of diapause is another important parameter. McWatters and Saunders (1998) showed that in C. vicina kept at temperatures of 15_C and 20_C, respectively,  diapause was terminated in most larvae within  30 days. However, the diapause ended earlier in larvae  whose parents had been kept at 20_C than those whose  parents had been kept at 15_C. These observations should  be a caveat for the forensic entomologist and points to the  need for further studies on other species. Competition may affect development and growth of  the larvae. Smith and Wall (1997a, 1997b) presented data  which indicate that the larvae of Lucilia sericata in  carcasses experience significant levels of competition and that the intensity of this competition may be sufficient to  reduce the numbers of adult L. sericata able to emerge  successfully. Reiter (1984), Smith (1986) and Erzinclioglu (1990)  pointed to another factor which could complicate the  estimation of the postmortem interval-precocious egg  development in flies. In some female flies, eggs may be  retained in the oviduct, having been fertilized as they pass  the spermathecal ducts in advance of the act of oviposition (Wells and King 2001). In cases where a suitable  oviposition site is not available, the eggs may remain  inside the fly until they have completed embryonic development. It has been reported for several species of the tribe Calliphorini, including the forensically important  Calliphora vicina, that the larva hatches from such eggs  immediately following oviposition (Erzinclioglu 1990;  Wells and King 2001). Precocious eggs are more likely to  be found in bluebottles (Calliphora spp.) than in other  lineages of carrion-feeding blowflies and the proportion  of wild flies carrying an egg that is about to hatch can be  quite high (Wells and King 2001). Parasitoid larvae feed exclusively on other arthropods,  mainly insects, resulting in the death of the parasitoids  host (Godfray 1994). The majority of parasitoids are  either members of the order Hymenoptera or Diptera,  representing an extremely diverse group and constituting  about 8.5% of all described insects (LaSalle and Gauld  1991; Godfray 1994). They also attack necrophagous taxa  and therefore could appear on carrion. Fabritius and  Klunker (1991) listed 83 parasitoid species, mainly  wasps, which attack the larval and pupal stages of  synanthropic Diptera in Europe. There are few reports on  the use of parasitoids in forensic entomology (Smith  1986; Haskell et al. 1997; Amendt et al. 2000; Anderson  and Cervenka 2002; Grassberger and Frank 2003b). The  life-cycles of the common parasitoid species are known  (e.g. Geden 1997) and, even if the adults have already  emerged and left the host, the pupal exuviae of the  parasitic wasps can be identified for a long time  afterwards (Geden et al. 1998; Carlson et al. 1999). The  parasitoid developmental times can then be calculated and  added to the time of development of the blowfly host. Pupal parasitoids of blowflies may play an especially  important role in the estimation of the postmortem period  because their time of attack is often restricted to a small,  well-defined window of time at the beginning of the pupal  development of the host insect (Anderson and Cervenka  2002). An example of the practical application of these  wasps involved a case where the early colonizers,  individuals of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae,  had finished their development and already left the scene  but adults of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera:  Pteromalidae) were just about to emerge. These  wasps need, at a constant temperature of 25_C, 350  accumulated degree days, equating to about 14 days, to  reach adulthood (Whiting 1967; Grassberger and Frank  2003b). By contrast the host P. terraenovae needs about  9 days at this temperature to reach the stage appropriate  for the parasitoids oviposition (Marchenko 2001; Grassberger  a nd Reiter 2002a). It can therefore be assumed that  the flies had access to the body for at least about 23 days  before the corpse was found. The calculation of developmental  times for the host and the parasitoid allowed the  estimation of a greater minimum postmortem interval  than the estimated development time of Protophormia  terraenovae alone. This enabled the criminal investigators  to disprove the testimony of a witness who claimed that  he had seen the victim alive 20 days before the corpse was  found. However, when thinking about the potential  influence, especially of larval parasitoids, it is important  to remember that this specialized group might also create  significant problems for forensic entomology. Holdaway  and Evans (1930) described, for example, the change in  developmental times for Lucilia sericata after the attack  of its parasitoid Alysia manducator, which resulted in  premature pupariation. The role of freshwater and marine fauna in forensic  investigations has received very little attention (Payne  and King 1972; Nuorteva et al. 1974; Goff and Odom  1987; Haskell et al 1989; Catts and Goff 1992; Vance et  al. 1995; Sorg et al. 1997; Davis and Goff 2000). Knowledge about the role of aquatic arthropods during  decomposition is still scanty (Keiper et al. 1997;  Tomberlin and Adler 1998; Hobischak and Anderson  1999, 2002; Anderson 2001; Merrit and Wallace 2001;  Anderson and Hobischak 2004). Compared with terrestrial  habitats, decomposition in an aquatic environment is  completely different. It occurs at a rate roughly half that  of decomposition on land, mainly due to the prevention of  insect activity and cooler temperatures (Knight 1991). Merrit and Wallace (2001) have distinguished six decompositional  stages ranging from submerged fresh,  floating decay to sunken remains. Aquatic insects of  forensic importance belong to the Ephemeroptera (mayflies),  Trichoptera (caddis flies) and Diptera (true flies);  the latter are mainly represented by Chironomidae  (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). However, these  insects, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, are not  obligatory saprophages, but instead use the submerged  carrion both as a food source and a breeding site. The use of these insects for estimating the time of death is  therefore more difficult and depends on the season and on  other conditions of the aquatic systems. No successional  insect model exists which describes the different waves of  colonization of a corpse in aquatic habitats (Merrit and  Wallace 2001). Finally, forensic entomology may help in investigations  dealing with living, but ill, people by revealing  neglect. The occurrence of maggots in the wounds or  natural orifices of living persons may indicate such a  neglect. Estimating the age of these maggots can reveal  how long the neglect has been happening (Benecke 2003).

Friar Laurence and the Nurse Essay

The Nurse and Friar Laurence have a great influence on the outcome of Shakespeare’s famous play, Romeo and Juliet. Their words and actions have an enourmous impact on the two main characters. The Friar acts as Romeo’s friend, philosopher, and guide. This is a parallel role to the Nurse who advises Juliet. They continuously work together to find ways for the young adults to marry in hopes of uniting the two and bringing peace to Verona. Their roles as parent figures compel them to help the two adolescents marry. The Nurse and Friar Laurence are kind and meaningful characters who positively contribute to the alliance and temporary happiness of Romeo and Juliet. The Friar elicits the emotions in Romeo that are usually reserved for a father. He is ready with a plan to help the secretly impassioned lovers. â€Å"But come on, inconsistent young man, come with me. I’ll help you with your secret wedding. This marriage may be lucky enough to turn the hatred between your families†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He feels able to bring the years of feuding between the Montagues and the Capulets to an end by helping Romeo and Juliet to marry. The Nurse is a trusted family servant to Lord Capulet in Verona and she maintains an active voice in their family affairs. Lady Capulet involves the Nurse in her discussion with Juliet about her possible marriage to Paris. She has been with the Capulet family for at least fourteen years, the entirety of Juliet’s life. The Nurse had a daughter, Susan, born on the same exact day as Juliet. Susan died, and since her death the Nurse has taken care of Juliet and become more like a mother to her than Lady Capulet. The Nurse was actually Juliet’s wet nurse, and it is proven that a bond between a baby and one who feeds it is very strong. She uses many terms of endearment; when calling on Juliet: â€Å"What, lamb? What ladybird?† When Juliet speaks to her mother she speaks very formally, calling her â€Å"madam.† The conversation between Juliet and her mother is stilted and proper, whereas the Nurse is very open with her opinions, advice, and feelings with Juliet. When talking about Paris, she talks like a schoolgirl gossiping about Paris’ looks: â€Å"A man, young lady! Lady such a man as all the world – why, he’s a man of wax.† It is the Nurse who tells Juliet that Romeo has been banished after killing Tybalt. â€Å"Tybalt is gone, and Romeo banished; Romeo that kill’d him, he is banished.† The Nurse is the only guest at Romeo and Juliet’s wedding and it is Friar Laurence who marries them. Each of these characters, therefore, has a central role in the play. It is Friar Laurence who gives Juliet the sleeping draught to be used to convince her famnily that she is dead. His letter to Romeo goes missing and this is key to Romeo’s suicide when he too believes that Juliet has taken her own life. It is the Nurse who finds Juliet’s body. The two older characters whose words and actions are most central to the play, then, are the Nurse – a positive maternal role model to Juliet – and Friar Laurence – a positive paternal role model to Romeo.